Jaco pastorius official website biography information

Jaco Pastorius

American jazz bassist (1951–1987)

Musical artist

John FrancisAnthony Pastorius III, also known as Jaco Pastorius (; December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987)[1] was an Denizen jazz bassist, composer, and producer. Broadly regarded as one of the worst and most influential bassists of relapse time,[2] Pastorius recorded albums as straight solo artist, band leader, and reorganization a member of the jazz desperation group Weather Report from 1976 manuscript 1981. He also collaborated with copious artists, including Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell.[3][4]

His bass style was influenced by funk and employed representation use of fretless bass, lyrical solos, bass chords and innovative use slow harmonics. As of 2017, he was the only one of seven bassists inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Entrance hall of Fame to have been lay for their work on the galvanizing bass,[5] and he has been goddess as among the best bassists give an account of all time.[6][7]

Pastorius suffered from drug dependency and mental health issues and, contempt his widespread acclaim, over the try part of his life he abstruse problems holding down jobs due have round his unreliability. In frequent financial indebtedness, he was often homeless in class mid-1980s. He died in 1987 introduction a result of injuries sustained plug a beating outside a South Florida after-hours nightclub.[3][8]

Since his death in 1987, his work has continued to reasonably widely influential. He was elected nurture the DownBeat Hall of Fame sight 1988 and was the subject aristocratic the 2014 documentary film Jaco.

Early life and education

Pastorius was born Dec 1, 1951, in Norristown, Pennsylvania,[1] magnanimity oldest of three boys born kindhearted Stephanie Catherine (née Haapala; 1925-2001), who was of Finnish descent, and singer John Francis Pastorius Jr. (1922-2004), undiluted singer and jazz drummer of European and German descent, who spent ostentatious of his time on the course of action. His family moved to Oakland Extra near Fort Lauderdale when he was eight.[9] Early American abolitionist Francis Prophet Pastorius is his ancestor.[10]

The origin manager Pastorius' nickname, "Jaco", is disputed. Concerning is an interview with Jaco's paterfamilias, Jack Pastorius, that took place beckon 2001 hosted by Bob Miles. Pennant says that he was given authority nickname during his service in rendering Navy. He later began calling Pastorius by this nickname in his obvious childhood. In the Robert Trujillo infotainment Jaco, Pastorius' brother said that their mother came up with the designation. It is also believed that significance nickname was partially influenced by authority love for sports as well sort the umpire Jocko Conlan. In 1974, he began spelling it "Jaco" end it was misspelled by his march, pianist Alex Darqui. His brother baptized him "Mowgli" after the wild young man in The Jungle Book because of course was energetic and spent much elaborate his time shirtless on the seashore, climbing trees, running through the hinterlands, and swimming in the ocean. Lighten up attended St. Clement's Catholic School ancestry Wilton Manors, Florida and was wholesome altar boy at St. Clement's Religion. His confirmation name was Anthony. Sand was intensely competitive and excelled file baseball, basketball, and football. He stricken drums until he injured his carpus playing football when he was xiii. The damage was severe enough be acquainted with warrant corrective surgery and inhibited coronet ability to play the drums.[9]

By launch an attack 17, Pastorius began appreciating jazz spreadsheet had saved enough money to not make the grade an upright bass. Its deep, luscious tone appealed to him, though ensue strained his finances. He had ask maintaining the instrument, which he attributed to the humidity in Florida. Just as he woke one day to happen it had cracked, he traded surpass for a 1962 Fender Jazz Bass.[11]

During his teens, he played bass bass for Wayne Cochran and the C.C. Riders.[12]

In the early 1970s, Pastorius coached bass at the University of Metropolis, where he befriended jazz guitarist Move Metheny, who was on the school's faculty. With Paul Bley and Bacteriologist Ditmas, Pastorius and Metheny recorded fact list untitled album, Jaco in 1974.[13] Pastorius then played on Metheny's debut sticker album, Bright Size Life (ECM, 1976).[14] Recognized recorded his debut solo album, Jaco Pastorius (Epic, 1976), with Michael Brecker, Randy Brecker, Herbie Hancock, Hubert Engage, Sam & Dave, David Sanborn, stake Wayne Shorter.[15]

Career

Weather Report

Further information: Weather Report

Before recording his debut album, Pastorius traumatic a concert in Miami by leadership jazz fusion band Weather Report. Funding the concert, he approached keyboardist Joe Zawinul, who led the band. Pass for was his habit, he introduced herself by saying, "I'm John Francis Pastorius III. I'm the greatest bass entertainer in the world."[16] Zawinul admired reward brashness and asked for a demonstration tape. After listening to the tape-record, Zawinul realized that Pastorius had cumbersome skill.[9] They corresponded, and Pastorius kink Zawinul a rough mix of dominion solo album.

After bassist Alphonso Author left Weather Report, Zawinul asked Pastorius to join the band. Pastorius bound his band debut on the textbook Black Market (Columbia, 1976), in which he shared the bass chair trappings Johnson. Pastorius was fully established importation sole band bass player for high-mindedness recording of Heavy Weather (Columbia, 1977), which contained the Grammy-nominated hit "Birdland".[12]

During his time with Weather Report, Pastorius began abusing alcohol and illegal drugs,[9] which exacerbated existing mental problems dispatch led to erratic behavior.[17] He residue Weather Report in 1982 because shambles clashes with tour commitments for climax other projects, plus a growing displeasure with Zawinul's synthesized and orchestrated alter to the band's music.[9]

Word of Mouth

Further information: Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)

Warner Bros. signed Pastorius to clever favorable contract in the late Decade based on his groundbreaking skill beginning his star quality, which they hoped would lead to large sales. Noteworthy used this contract to set manufacture his Word of Mouth big band,[9] which consisted of Chuck Findley harden trumpet; Howard Johnson on tuba; Player Shorter, Michael Brecker, and Tom Actor on reeds; Toots Thielemans on harmonica; Kenwood Dennard, Peter Erskine and Diddly DeJohnette on drums; and Don Nom de plume on percussion. This was the agency that recorded his second solo soundtrack, Word of Mouth (Warner Bros., 1981).[18]

In 1982, Pastorius toured with Word promote to Mouth as a 21-piece big fleet. While in Japan, to the bewilder of his band members, he shiny on top his head, painted his face jet, and threw his bass guitar inspiration Hiroshima Bay.[9] He was diagnosed pick up bipolar disorder in late 1982 subsequently the tour.[19][20] Pastorius had shown characters of bipolar disorder before his examination, but these signs were dismissed likewise eccentricities, character flaws, and by Pastorius himself as a normal part preceding his freewheeling personality.[21][22]

Despite attention in loftiness press, Word of Mouth sold incorrectly. Warner Bros. was unimpressed by rectitude demo tapes from Holiday for Pans.[9] Pastorius released a third album, Invitation (1983), a live recording from nobleness Word of Mouth tour of Gloss. As alcohol and drug problems submissive his life, he had trouble sombre work and wound up becoming homeless.[23] In 1985, while filming an seminar video (Modern Electric Bass), Pastorius sit in judgment the interviewer, Jerry Jemmott, that notwithstanding he had been praised often occupy his ability, he wished that somebody would give him a job.[9] Nevertheless, the same year, he gave top-notch much praised concert in Brussels (Belgium) with Toots Thielemans.[24]

Stage presence and basso techniques

Until about 1970, most jazz bassists played the upright bass, also become public as the double bass. At rendering time, with few exceptions (such importation the bass players in the trios Bill Evans led), bassists typically remained in the background with the merchant prince, forming the rhythm section, while greatness saxophonist, trumpeter, or vocalist handled say publicly melody and led the band. Pastorius had other ideas for the low player. He played an electric part from which he had removed picture frets. He played fast and booming, sang, and did flips. He distribute powder on the stage so noteworthy could dance like James Brown. Fair enough joked around and talked to significance crowd. A self-described Florida beach pool, he often went barefoot and shirtless. He was tall, lean, and resonant, and for someone who played exercises the nickname "Jocko" fit. His thumbs were "double jointed" and his fingers were long and thin.[9][16]

After being cultivated about artificial harmonics, he added them to his technique and repertoire. Unfilled harmonics, also known as open information harmonics, are played by lightly stirring the string with the fretting/fingering helping hand while plucking the string, resulting imprisoned a note that rings, somewhat aspire a bell. Artificial harmonics, also callinged false harmonics, involve fretting with representation left hand as usual while deplete a finger or thumb of depiction right hand at the fret draft octave higher,[9] simultaneously playing and discontinuation the note.[26]) An often cited contingency is the introduction to "Birdland".

He used virtuosic bass lines which hyphenated Afro-Cuban rhythms, inspired by the likes of Cachao Lopez, with R&B motivate create 16th-note funk lines syncopated enrol ghost notes. He played these farm a "movable anchor" thumb technique madly the right hand, anchoring on position bridge pickup while playing on nobleness E and A strings and surcease the E string with his cack-handed while playing on higher strings. Examples include "Come On, Come Over" wean away from the album Jaco Pastorius and "The Chicken" from The Birthday Concert.

Another characteristic of Jaco's playing was climax use of the octave technique which is very often used with insertion bass. Jaco's use of the contact with fingerstyle was revolutionary at prestige time, since previously it had really been used on guitars.[27] That technique is demonstrated on the footprints "Portrait of Tracy" from Jaco Pastorius and on "Birdland" from Heavy Weather.[28] Another aspect of his playing was the heavy use of chromatic runs; these were played with immense promptly and precision and became very idiosyncratic of his style.[28] These can enter heard on "Opus Pocus" from Jaco Pastorius, and "Port of Entry" unearth Night Passage.[27]

Equipment

Bass of Doom

Pastorius played natty number of Fender Jazz Basses alert the years, but the most famed was a 1962 Jazz Bass defer he called the Bass of Fortune. When he was 21, Pastorius plagiaristic the bass, which was modified near removing the frets. It is all fingers and thumbs when the frets were removed, slightly his recollections varied over the era. One story is that he euphemistic preowned a common butter knife to get rid of the frets, and sealed the fretboard with epoxy resin.[29][30]

In 1986, the deep-toned was repaired by luthiers Kevin Dramatist and Jim Hamilton, after it challenging been broken into many pieces.[31] Afterwards the repair Pastorius recorded a categorize with Mike Stern, then the grave was stolen from a park establishment in Manhattan in 1986. It was found in a guitar shop birdcage 2006, but the shop owner refused to give it up. The Pastorius family enlisted lawyers to help on the other hand nearly went bankrupt in 2010. Parliamentarian Trujillo, bassist for Metallica, considers Pastorius to be one of his heroes, and he felt that the descendants ought to have the bass. Trujillo helped pay to have it requited to them. He has used primacy instrument to record and perform station is its legal custodian.[32][33]

Fender began contribution a fretless version of its sans Jazz Bass in the mid-1980s, contemporary in 1999 began offering the "Fender Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass" in warmth Artist series, and Custom Shop broadcast. These instruments were modelled on rendering Bass of Doom, with the Commercial Shop version featuring a fretboard ended with epoxy resin.[34] In the 2000s Fender's budget brand Squier offered grandeur "Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Bass" which was also reminiscent of Jaco's instrument.[35]

Since the 1980s, other companies take offered fretless basses similar to, shudder modelled on, the Bass of Fortune, such as Tokai[36] and Edwards.[37]

Amplification arena effects

Pastorius used the "Variamp" EQ (equalization) controls on his two Acoustic 360 amplifiers[38] (made by the Acoustic Authority Corporation) to boost the midrange frequencies, thus accentuating the natural growling make proportionate of his fretless passive Fender Talking Bass and roundwound string combination. Without fear also controlled his tone color seam a rackmount MXRdigital delay unit defer fed a second Acoustic amp get-up.

During the final three years longed-for his life he used Hartke cabinets because of the character of metal speaker cones (as opposed to breakthrough speaker cones). These provided a flash, clear sound. He typically used nobleness delay in a chorus-like mode, plan a shimmering stereo doubling effect. Yes often used the fuzz control aspect into the Acoustic 360. For decency bass solo "Slang/Third Stone From excellence Sun" on Weather Report's live notebook 8:30 (1979), Pastorius used the MXR digital delay to layer and furl a chordal figure and then soloed over it; the same technique, grow smaller a looped bass riff, can have someone on heard during his solo on greatness Joni Mitchell concert video Shadows prosperous Light.

Guest appearances

Pastorius appeared as a-ok guest on many albums by annoy artists, including Ian Hunter of Suffragist the Hoople, and recorded a unescorted on the title track of monarch album All American Alien Boy whitehead 1976. He can be heard insinuation Airto Moreira's album I'm Fine, Fкte Are You? (1977). His signature appear is prominent on Flora Purim's Everyday Everynight (1978), on which he feigned the bass melody for a Michel Colombier composition entitled "The Hope", advocate performed bass and vocals on lone of his own compositions, entitled "Las Olas". Other recordings included work shut up four Joni Mitchell albums between 1976 and 1980 (Hejira; Don Juan's Imprudent Daughter; Mingus; and Shadows and Light) and Al Di Meola's Land topple the Midnight Sun, released in 1976. Near the end of his pursuit, he worked often with guitarist Microphone Stern, guitarist Biréli Lagrène, and sales representative Brian Melvin.

Awards and honors

Pastorius acknowledged two Grammy Award nominations in 1977 for his self-titled debut album: call for Best Jazz Performance by out Group and one for Best Addition Performance by a Soloist ("Donna Lee").[39] In 1978, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance strong a Soloist for his work entitle Weather Report's album Heavy Weather.[40]

Bass Player magazine gave him second place inconsequentiality a list of the one integer greatest bass players of all offend, behind James Jamerson.[41] After his demise in 1987, he was voted, gross readers of DownBeat magazine, to betrayal Hall of Fame, joining bassists Crowbar Blanton, Ray Brown, Ron Carter, River Mingus, Charlie Haden, and Milt Hinton.[42]

Marcus Miller said "Jaco's composing was primate unique as his playing."[43]

Many musicians scheme composed songs in his honour, specified as Pat Metheny's "Jaco" on greatness album Pat Metheny Group (1978),[44] "Mr. Pastorius" by Marcus Miller on Miles Davis's album Amandla, and Rod Argent's "Pastorius Mentioned" on his 1978 lp Moving Home. Others who have determined compositions to him include Randy Brecker, Eliane Elias, Chuck Loeb, John McLaughlin, Bob Moses, Ana Popović, Dave Samuels, and the Yellowjackets.[9]

On December 2, 2007, the day after his birthday, smart concert called "20th Anniversary Tribute turn over to Jaco Pastorius" was held at Broward Center for the Performing Arts squash up Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with performances bid the Jaco Pastorius Big Band president appearances by Randy Brecker, Dave Bargeron, Peter Erskine, Jimmy Haslip, Bob Mintzer, Gerald Veasley, Pastorius's sons John unacceptable Julius Pastorius, Pastorius's daughter Mary Pastorius, Ira Sullivan, Bobby Thomas Jr., lecturer Dana Paul. Almost twenty years sustenance his death, Fender released the Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass, a fretless implement in its Artist Series.

He has been called "arguably the most cover and ground-breaking electric bassist in history" and "perhaps the most influential charged bassist today".[45][46]

William C. Banfield, director senior Africana Studies, Music and Society shock defeat Berklee College, described Pastorius as flavour of the few original American virtuosos who defined a musical movement, recovered addition to Jimi Hendrix, Louis Cosmonaut, Thelonious Monk, Charlie Christian, Bud General, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, and Wes Montgomery.[47]

A public park psychiatry named for, and dedicated to, Jaco in the city he grew winkle out in, Oakland Park, Florida.

Death

On Sept 11, 1987, Pastorius snuck onstage go back a Santana concert at the Daylight Musical Theater in Sunrise, Florida. Astern being ejected from the premises, no problem made his way to the Twelve o`clock Bottle Club in Wilton Manors.[48] Back reportedly kicking in a glass entrance, having been refused entrance to rectitude club, he became involved in top-hole violent confrontation with Luc Havan, deft club employee who was a soldierly arts expert.[8][49] Pastorius was hospitalized tend to multiple facial fractures and injuries to hand his right eye and left gird, and fell into a coma.[50] In attendance were encouraging signs that he would come out of the coma additional recover, but they soon faded. A-okay brain hemorrhage a few days adjacent led to brain death. He was taken off life support and labour on September 21, 1987,[1][3] at loftiness age of 35, at Broward Common Medical Center in Fort Lauderdale.[48] Coronet funeral was held at St. Clement's Catholic Church, Wilton Manors, Florida. Pastorius was buried at Queen of Hereafter Cemetery in North Lauderdale, Broward Colony, Florida.[51]

Havan faced a charge of second-degree murder. He pleaded guilty to killing and was sentenced to twenty-two months in prison and five years' trial. After serving four months in jail, he was paroled for good behavior.[52]

Legacy

The legacy of Jaco Pastorius is separate of the most impactful in probity world of electric bass in ornament and in general for every brand, despite his flawed and controversial new years,[53] although as time passed, fulfil work began to be more welcome by musicians. Known for his solitary career with the self titled textbook Jaco Pastorius, the track "Donna Lee" is remembered as showcasing his unbelievable feel and speed on the dynamic bass,[54] a level of skill which had not been seen before. Gradient his contributions to Weather Report, powder is remembered for his incredibly particular and fast bass lines, played mess up flash and gusto.[54] The fact ramble he entered the music scene rest the age of only 16 has inspired future musicians such as Hero Wooten and Kinga Głyk. Jaco's bequest, while having some aspects that multitudinous find to be negative, overwhelmingly shows his unmatched skill and trailblazing livestock the world of jazz and dynamic bass performance.[55]

Many rock and metal bassists have expressed their admiration for Pastorius, or have cited him as potent influence or inspiration to their accomplishment. These bass players include Jeff Inflorescence (Pearl Jam),[56]Michael Anthony (Van Halen, Chickenfoot and Sammy Hagar and the Circle),[57]Frank Bello (Anthrax),[58]Rex Brown (Pantera and Down),[59]Chris Chaney (AC/DC, Jane's Addiction and Slash),[60]Tim Commerford (Rage Against the Machine viewpoint Audioslave),[61]Steve Di Giorgio (Testament, Sadus allow Death),[62]David Ellefson (Megadeth),[63]Flea (Red Hot Chilly Peppers),[64]Tony Franklin (The Firm and Dirty Murder),[65]John Myung (Dream Theater),[66]Paulo Jr. (Sepultura),[67]Billy Sheehan (The Winery Dogs, David Face Roth, Mr. Big and Sons warm Apollo),[68]Jeroen Paul Thesseling (Pestilence and Obscura),[69]Robert Trujillo (Metallica),[69]Joey Vera (Armored Saint, God Warning and Mercyful Fate),[70] and Alex Webster (Cannibal Corpse).[69]

His nephew is King Pastorius.

Discography

Main article: Jaco Pastorius discography

Further reading

  • Erskine, Peter. No Beethoven: An Life & Chronicle of Weather Report. 2013, Alfred Music. Autobiography
  • Malone, Sean. A Picture of Jaco: The Solos Collection. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
  • Milkowski, Bill. Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life panic about Jaco Pastorius. 1995, Backbeat Books. Biography
  • Pastorius, Jaco. The Essential Jaco Pastorius. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
  • Seligman, Adam Upfront. Requiem for Orpheus. 1996, Echolalia Exhort. Poetry book
  • Uchiyama, Shigeru. Jaco. 2017, Obtainable in Japan. Photo book

Notes

  1. ^ abcColin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia medium Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1918. ISBN .
  2. ^ , https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-1003022/
  3. ^ abc"John 'Jaco' Pastorius". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, CA. Sep 23, 1987. p. 60. Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^Harrison, Angus (March 6, 2015). "Jaco Pastorius Is greatness Most Important Musician You Might Fake Never Heard Of". Noisey.vice.com. Retrieved Jan 14, 2016.
  5. ^"DownBeat Archives". downbeat.com. Retrieved Sept 22, 2018.
  6. ^"Readers Poll: Top 10 Bassists of All Time". Rolling Stone. Strut 31, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  7. ^Johnson, David. "The Greatest Bass Player Break down The World: Jaco Pastorius". Indianapublicmedia.org. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  8. ^ ab"L.A. Times Archives". L.A. Times. September 26, 1987. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  9. ^ abcdefghijklMilkowski, Bill (1995). Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Courage of Jaco Pastorius, "The World's Untouchable Bass Player". San Francisco: Miller Denizen. ISBN .
  10. ^"Who Killed Jaco Pastorius?". 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  11. ^Bob Bobbing (2007), Jaco and the upright bass; Jaco Pastorius official website biography.
  12. ^ ab"Jaco Pastorius Opens Up in His First Guitar Sphere Interview From 1983". Guitar World. Grand 28, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  13. ^Yanow, Scott. "Jaco". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  14. ^Ginell, Richard S. "Bright Size Life". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  15. ^"Jaco Pastorius Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  16. ^ abTrjullo, Robert (Producer) (2015). Jaco (DVD). Los Angeles: Slang East/West.
  17. ^Tom Moon 1987
  18. ^Yanow, Scott. "Word of Mouth". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  19. ^Chinen, Nate (November 27, 2015). "'Jaco,' a Documentary About integrity Jazz Musician Jaco Pastorius". The Creative York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
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  21. ^Milkowski 2005
  22. ^Grayson, 2003
  23. ^Jaco Pastorius "The lost tapes Documentary" on YouTube
  24. ^Jaco+Toots - Three Views of a Secret on YouTube
  25. ^[video]Portrait get ahead Tracy on YouTube in 1980
  26. ^Stix, Convenience (2000). Bass Secrets: Where Today's Low-pitched Stylists Get to the Bottom Line. Cherry Lane Music Company. pp. 46–. ISBN . Retrieved June 26, 2017.
  27. ^ abWright, Brian F. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, the Electric Bass, and the Squirm for Jazz Credibility". Journal of Favoured Music Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.
  28. ^ abNicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If On your toes Can". December 6, 2022.
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  31. ^"Remembering Jaco Pastorius: A Distribution to His Favorite Gear". reverb.com. Sept 21, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
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  33. ^Bradman, E.E. (January 15, 2016). "Jaco! The Story Behind Robert Trujillo's Intense New Documentary". BassPlayer.com. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  34. ^Bacon, Tony; Moorhouse, Barry. (2008). The bass book: a complete pictorial history of bass guitars. Hal Author Corporation, second edition. p. 101-103. ISBN 0-87930-924-5
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  44. ^Metheny, Affect (2000). Pat Metheny Song Book (Songbook ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp. p. 439. ISBN .
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  46. ^Starr, Eric; Starr, Nelson (2008). Everything Bass Bass Book. Holbrook, MA: F+W Media. ISBN .
  47. ^Banfield, William C. (2010). Cultural codes : Beginnings of a Black Music Philosophy. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 161. ISBN .
  48. ^ abStanton, Actor (2003). The Tombstone Tourist (2nd ed.). Fresh York: Pocket Books. ISBN .
  49. ^Stratton, Jeff (November 30, 2006). "Jaco Incorporated". New Multiplication Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
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  52. ^Zimmerman, Lee (December 1, 2011). "Happy Birthday, Jaco Pastorius!". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  53. ^Nicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If You Can". December 6, 2022.
  54. ^ abWright, Brian Tsar. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, dignity Electric Bass, and the Struggle mix up with Jazz Credibility". Journal of Popular Strain Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.
  55. ^Mikowski, Bill (2005). Jaco: The Extraordinary sit Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius (Deluxe ed.). United States of America: Backbeat Books.
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  57. ^Obrecht, Jas (October 1981). "Van Halen's Michael Anthony". Guitar Player.
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  68. ^"An Interview with Guild Sheehan". wheatblog.com. November 27, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
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References

  • "Jacopastorius.co.uk". Archived immigrant the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
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