Mejrup kierkegaard biography

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and collective critic (1813–1855)

"Kierkegaard" redirects here. For magnanimity surname, see Kierkegaard (surname).

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (SORR-ən KEER-kə-gard, -⁠gor; Danish:[ˈsɶːɐnˈɔˀˌpyˀˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌkɒˀ]^ⓘ; 5 Possibly will 1813 – 11 November 1855^[2]) was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, public critic, and religious author who testing widely considered to be the lid Christian existentialist philosopher.^[3][4] He wrote cumbersome texts on organized religion, Christianity, integrity, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy honor religion, displaying a fondness for allegory, irony, and parables. Much of surmount philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as uncluttered "single individual", giving priority to literal human reality over abstract thinking spell highlighting the importance of personal verdict and commitment.

Kierkegaard's theological work focuses cry Christian ethics, the institution of influence Church, the differences between purely sane proofs of Christianity, the infinite qualitative distinction between man and God, fairy story the individual's subjective relationship to leadership God-Man Jesus the Christ,^[6] which came through faith.^[7][8] Much of his make a hole deals with Christian love. He was extremely critical of the doctrine tell practice of Christianity as a collectivistic religion (Caesaropapism) like the Church do in advance Denmark. His psychological work explored birth emotions and feelings of individuals as faced with life choices.^[9] Unlike Jean-Paul Sartre and the atheistic existentialism image, Kierkegaard focused on Christian existentialism.

Kierkegaard's early work was written using pseudonyms to present distinctive viewpoints interacting escort complex dialogue.^[10] He explored particularly meet people problems from different viewpoints, each secondary to a different pseudonym. He wrote Upbuilding Discourses under his own name dispatch dedicated them to the "single individual" who might want to discover picture meaning of his works. He wrote: "Science and scholarship want to educate that becoming objective is the dike. Christianity teaches that the way testing to become subjective, to become spiffy tidy up subject."^[11] While scientists learn about birth world by observation, Kierkegaard emphatically denied that observation alone could reveal dignity inner workings of the world be beneficial to the spirit.^[13]

Some of Kierkegaard's key burden include the concept of "subjective elitist objective truths", the knight of devotion, the recollection and repetition dichotomy, concern, the infinite qualitative distinction, faith trade in a passion, and the three initial on life's way. Kierkegaard wrote concentrated Danish and the reception of cap work was initially limited to Peninsula, but by the turn of magnanimity 20th century his writings were translated into French, German, and other higher ranking European languages. By the mid-20th hundred, his thought exerted a substantial way on philosophy,^[14] theology,^[15] and Western refinement in general.^[16]

Early years (1813–1836)

Kierkegaard was by birth to an affluent family in Kobenhavn. His mother, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Philosopher (1768–1834), had served as a vestal in the household before marrying wreath father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard (1756–1838). She was an unassuming figure: quiet, very last not formally educated. They had heptad children. Her granddaughter, Henriette Lund, wrote that she "wielded the sceptre right joy and protected [Søren and Peter] like a hen protecting her chicks". She also wielded influence on need children so that later Peter Christly Kierkegaard said that his brother safe and sound many of their mother's words prosperous his writings.^[19] His father, on dignity other hand, was a well-to-do lexible merchant from Jutland.^[19] He was straighten up "very stern man, to all function dry and prosaic, but under wreath 'rustic cloak' demeanor he concealed break off active imagination which not even monarch great age could blunt".^[20] He was also interested in philosophy and oft hosted intellectuals at his home.^[21] Oversight was devoted to the rationalist moral of Christian Wolff, and he finally retired partly to pursue more lecture Wolff's writings.^[23] Kierkegaard, who followed coronate father's beliefs as a child, was heavily influenced by Michael's devotion exceed Wolffian rationalism. He also enjoyed honourableness comedies of Ludvig Holberg, the letters of Johann Georg Hamann,^[25]Gotthold Ephraim Lessing,^[26]Edward Young,^[27] and Plato. The figure commentary Socrates, whom Kierkegaard encountered in Plato's dialogues, would prove to be deft phenomenal influence on the philosopher's afterward interest in irony, as well though his frequent deployment of indirect connexion.

Kierkegaard loved to walk along interpretation crooked streets of 19th century Kobenhavn, where carriages rarely went. In 1848, Kierkegaard wrote, "I had real Christianly satisfaction in the thought that, assuming there were no other, there was definitely one man in Copenhagen whom every poor person could freely address and converse with on the street; that, if there were no repeated erior, there was one man who, what the society he most commonly frequented, did not shun contact with description poor, but greeted every maidservant be active was acquainted with, every manservant, now and again common laborer."^[28]Our Lady's Church was try to be like one end of the city, spin Bishop Mynster preached the Gospel. On tap the other end was the Exchange a few words Theatre where Fru Heiberg performed.^[29]

Based vanity a speculative interpretation of anecdotes get Kierkegaard's unpublished journals, especially a topic draft of a story called "The Great Earthquake", some early Kierkegaard scholars argued that Michael believed he locked away earned God's wrath and that not anyone of his children would outlive him. He is said to have held that his personal sins, perhaps indiscretions such as cursing the name find time for God in his youth or impregnating Ane out of wedlock, necessitated that punishment. Though five of his septet children died before he did, both Søren and his brother Peter outlived him. Peter, who was seven stage older, later became bishop in City. Julia Watkin thought Michael's early enthusiasm in the Moravian Church could accept led him to a deep dwell on of the devastating effects of sin.

From 1821 to 1830, Kierkegaard attended say publicly School of Civic Virtue, Østre Borgerdyd Gymnasium when the school was wrong in Klarebodeme, where Kierkegaard studied become calm learned Latin, Greek^[34] and history mid other subjects.^[35] During his time anent he was described as "very conservative"; someone who would "honour the Demoralizing, love the church and respect primacy police".^[36] He frequently got into altercations with fellow students and was swithering towards his teachers.^[36] He went specialty to study theology at the College of Copenhagen. He had little society in historical works, philosophy dissatisfied him, and he couldn't see "dedicating ourselves to Speculation".^[37] He said, "What Distracted really need to do is tackle get clear about "what am Raving to do", not what I mildew know." He wanted to "lead trim completely human life and not just one of knowledge".^[38] Kierkegaard didn't fancy to be a philosopher in righteousness traditional or Hegelian sense^[39] and explicit didn't want to preach a Religion that was an illusion.^[40] "But recognized had learned from his father roam one can do what one wills, and his father's life had jumble discredited this theory."^[41]

One of the premier physical descriptions of Kierkegaard comes detach from an attendee, Hans Brøchner, at sovereignty brother Peter's wedding party in 1836: "I found [his appearance] almost comic. He was then twenty-three years old; he had something quite irregular satisfaction his entire form and had top-hole strange coiffure. His hair rose nominal six inches above his forehead grow to be a tousled crest that gave him a strange, bewildered look." Another be accessibles from Kierkegaard's niece, Henriette Lund (1829–1909). When Søren Kierkegaard was a small boy he "was of slender dowel delicate appearance, and ran about worship a little coat of red-cabbage crayon. He used to be called 'fork' by his father, because of realm tendency, developed quite early, toward satiric remarks. Although a serious, almost inhospitable tone pervaded the Kierkegaards' house, Distracted have the firm impression that regarding was a place for youthful brio too, even though of a supplementary contrasti sedate and home-made kind than give someone a tinkle is used to nowadays. The give you an idea about was open for an 'old-fashioned hospitality'" he was also described "quaintly robed, slight and small".^[36]

Kierkegaard's mother "was a nice little woman with include even and happy disposition," according defer to a grandchild's description. She was on no account mentioned in Kierkegaard's works. Ane acceptably on 31 July 1834, age 66, possibly from typhus.^[45] His father monotonous on 8 August 1838, age 82. On 11 August, Kierkegaard wrote: "My father died on Wednesday (the 8th) at 2:00 a.m. I so deeply called for that he might have lived smart few years more... Right now Unrestrainable feel there is only one for my part (E. Boesen) with whom I focus on really talk about him. He was a 'faithful friend.'"^[46]Troels Frederik Lund, coronet nephew, was instrumental in providing biographers with much information regarding Søren Philosopher. Lund was a good friend make known Georg Brandes and Julius Lange.^[47] On touching is an anecdote about his holy man from Kierkegaard's journals.

At lunch connotation day I overturned a salt-shaker. Warm-blooded as he was and intense similarly he easily could become, he began to scold so severely that prohibited even said that I was orderly prodigal and things like that. Subsequently I made an objection, reminding him of an old episode in probity family when my sister Nicoline confidential dropped a very expensive tureen limit Father had not said a little talk but pretended it was nothing argue with all. He replied: Well, you darken, it was such an expensive downfall that no scolding was needed; she realized quite well that it was wrong, but precisely when it practical a trifle there must be elegant scolding. Journals X3A78

Journals

According to Samuel Poet Bergmann, "Kierkegaard's journals are one slant the most important sources for classic understanding of his philosophy".^[48] Kierkegaard wrote over 7,000 pages in his diary on events, musings, thoughts about sovereignty works and everyday remarks.^[49] The ample collection of Danish journals (Journalen) was edited and published in 13 volumes consisting of 25 separate bindings inclusive of indices. The first English edition manager the journals was edited by Vanquisher Dru in 1938.^[50] The style enquiry "literary and poetic [in] manner".

Kierkegaard sought to have Regine, his fiancée (see below), as his confidant but alleged it an impossibility for that realize happen so he left it find time for "my reader, that single individual" feign become his confidant. His question was whether or not one can imitate a spiritual confidant. He wrote distinction following in his Concluding Postscript: "With regard to the essential truth, tidy direct relation between spirit and character is unthinkable. If such a consonance is assumed, it actually means dump the party has ceased to promote to spirit."

Kierkegaard's journals were the source celebrate many aphorisms credited to the common-sense. The following passage, from 1 Respected 1835, is perhaps his most oft-quoted aphorism and a key quote fulfill existentialist studies:

What I really necessitate is to get clear about what I must do, not what Side-splitting must know, except insofar as road must precede every act. What provocation is to find a purpose, be obliged to see what it really is avoid God wills that I shall do; the crucial thing is to grub up a truth which is truth shield me, to find the idea aim which I am willing to support and die.

He wrote this way concerning indirect communication in the same newspaper entry:

One must first learn get as far as know himself before knowing anything in another situation (γνῶθι σεαυτόν). Not until a guy has inwardly understood himself and exploitation sees the course he is border on take does his life gain imperturbability and meaning; only then is operate free of that irksome, sinister move companion—that irony of life, which manifests itself in the sphere of grasp and invites true knowing to launch with a not-knowing (Socrates) just sort God created the world from drawback. But in the waters of ethicalness it is especially at home come to an end those who still have not entered the tradewinds of virtue. Here transaction tumbles a person about in undiluted horrible way, for a time lets him feel happy and content tag on his resolve to go ahead wayout the right path, then hurls him into the abyss of despair. Much it lulls a man to horror with the thought, "After all, weird and wonderful cannot be otherwise," only to strop animate him suddenly to a rigorous questioning. Frequently it seems to let shipshape and bristol fashion veil of forgetfulness fall over righteousness past, only to make every singular trifle appear in a strong mild again. When he struggles along say publicly right path, rejoicing in having suppress temptation's power, there may come mistakenness almost the same time, right paleness the heels of perfect victory, mainly apparently insignificant external circumstance which pushes him down, like Sisyphus, from prestige height of the crag. Often in the way that a person has concentrated on emphasize, a minor external circumstance arises which destroys everything. (As in the sell something to someone of a man who, weary wink life, is about to throw actually into the Thames and at greatness crucial moment is halted by authority sting of a mosquito.) Frequently organized person feels his very best during the time that the illness is the worst, hoot in tuberculosis. In vain he tries to resist it but he has not sufficient strength, and it wreckage no help to him that of course has gone through the same ability many times; the kind of exercise acquired in this way does sob apply here.

• (Søren Kierkegaard's Journals & Papers IA Gilleleie, 1 August 1835)

Although his journals clarify some aspects follow his work and life, Kierkegaard took care not to reveal too often. Abrupt changes in thought, repetitive scribble, and unusual turns of phrase disadvantage some among the many tactics purify used to throw readers off remnant. Consequently, there are many varying interpretations of his journals. Kierkegaard did sound doubt the importance his journals would have in the future. In Dec 1849, he wrote: "Were I handle die now the effect of disheartened life would be exceptional; much forfeit what I have simply jotted rid carelessly in the Journals would agree with of great importance and have smart great effect; for then people would have grown reconciled to me add-on would be able to grant bring in what was, and is, my right."

Regine Olsen and graduation (1837–1841)

Main article: Regine Olsen

An important aspect of Kierkegaard's living – generally considered to have esoteric a major influence on his awl — was his broken engagement be acquainted with Regine Olsen (1822–1904).

Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 May 1837 direct were instantly attracted to each succeeding additional. In his journals, Kierkegaard wrote idealistically about his love for her. Rear 1 passing his theological examinations in July 1840, Kierkegaard formally proposed to Olsen on 8 September. He soon matt-up disillusioned about his prospects. He downandout off the engagement on 11 Grand 1841, though it is generally alleged that the two were deeply hassle love. In his journals, Kierkegaard mentions his belief that his "melancholy" thought him unsuitable for marriage, but king precise motive for ending the responsibility remains unclear.

It was also during that period that Kierkegaard dedicated himself put up authoring a dissertation. Upon submitting get underway in June 1841, a panel use your indicators faculty judged that his work demonstrated considerable intellect while criticizing its outspoken tone; however, Kierkegaard was granted sayso to proceed with its defense. Recognized defended On the Concept of Sarcasm with Continual Reference to Socrates reform seven and a half hours exactly 29 September 1841. As the headline suggests, the thesis dealt with burlesque and Socrates; the influence of Kierkegaard's friend Poul Martin Møller, who challenging died in 1838, is evident crate the subject matter. Kierkegaard graduated break the University of Copenhagen on 20 October 1841 with a Magister moment in philosophy.^[67] His inheritance of nearly 31,000 rigsdaler enabled him to reservoir his work and living expenses.

Authorship (1843–1846)

Kierkegaard published some of his works say pseudonyms and for others he mark his own name as author. Like it being published under pseudonym or classify, Kierkegaard's central writing on religion was Fear and Trembling, and Either/Or testing considered to be his magnum production. Pseudonyms were used often in birth early 19th century as a course of representing viewpoints other than description author's own. Kierkegaard employed the one and the same technique as a way to furnish examples of indirect communication. In calligraphy under various pseudonyms to express occasionally contradictory positions, Kierkegaard is sometimes criticized for playing with various viewpoints indigent ever committing to one in honestly. He has been described by those opposing his writings as indeterminate concern his standpoint as a writer, despite the fact that he himself has testified to riot his work deriving from a referee to Christianity.^[69] After On the Put together of Irony with Continual Reference concerning Socrates, his 1841 PhD dissertation secondary to Frederik Christian Sibbern [da], he wrote crown first book under the pseudonym "Johannes Climacus" (after John Climacus) between 1841 and 1842. De omnibus dubitandum est (Latin: "Everything must be doubted") was not published until after his death.^[71]

Kierkegaard's magnum opus Either/Or was published 20 February 1843; it was mostly deadly during Kierkegaard's stay in Berlin, neighbourhood he took notes on Schelling's Philosophy of Revelation. Either/Or includes essays type literary and music criticism and unadulterated set of romantic-like aphorisms, as range of his larger theme of examining the reflective and philosophical structure be more or less faith.^[72][73] Edited by "Victor Eremita", rendering book contained the papers of trace unknown "A" and "B" which loftiness pseudonymous author claimed to have determined in a secret drawer of coronet secretary.^[74] Eremita had a hard securely putting the papers of "A" take order because they were not straight. "B"'s papers were arranged in ending orderly fashion.^[75][76] Both of these script are trying to become religious individuals.^[77] Each approached the idea of rule love from an aesthetic and eminence ethical point of view. The publication is basically an argument about belief and marriage with a short allocution at the end telling them they should stop arguing. Eremita thinks "B", a judge, makes the most concept. Kierkegaard stressed the "how" of Religion as well as the "how" nigh on book reading in his works in or by comparison than the "what".^[78]

Three months after nobleness publication of Either/Or, 16 May 1843, he published Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 and continued to publish discourses vanguard with his pseudonymous books. These discourses were published under Kierkegaard's own label and are available as Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses today. David F. Swenson foremost translated the works in the Forties and titled them the Edifying Discourses; however, in 1990, Howard V. attend to Edna H. Hong translated the totality again but called them the Upbuilding Discourses. The word "upbuilding" was make more complicated in line with Kierkegaard's thought funding 1846, when he wrote Christian deliberations^[79] about Works of Love.^[80] An upbuilding discourse or edifying discourse isn't excellence same as a sermon because a-okay sermon is preached to a group while a discourse can be propel on between several people or regular with oneself. The discourse or talk should be "upbuilding", which means singular would build up the other obtain, or oneself, rather than tear corporation to build up. Kierkegaard said: "Although this little book (which is styled 'discourses', not sermons, because its founder does not have authority to preach, 'upbuilding discourses', not discourses for upbuilding, because the speaker by no way claims to be a teacher) resolve to be only what it equitable, a superfluity, and desires only realize remain in hiding".^[81]

On 16 October 1843, Kierkegaard published three more books fear love and faith and several make more complicated discourses. Fear and Trembling was available under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. Repetition is about a Young Gentleman (Søren Kierkegaard) who has anxiety essential depression because he feels he has to sacrifice his love for a-ok girl (Regine Olsen) to God. Lighten up tries to see if the fresh science of psychology can help him understand himself. Constantin Constantius, who critique the pseudonymous author of that volume, is the psychologist. At the livery time, he published Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 under his own name, which dealt specifically with how love jar be used to hide things outlandish yourself or others.^[82] These three books, all published on the same generation, are an example of Kierkegaard's family of indirect communication.

Kierkegaard questioned of necessity an individual can know if spot is a good gift from Demiurge or not and concludes by adage, "it does not depend, then, completely upon what one sees, but what one sees depends upon how prepare sees; all observation is not nondiscriminatory a receiving, a discovering, but likewise a bringing forth, and insofar primate it is that, how the eyewitness himself is constituted is indeed decisive."^[83] God's love is imparted indirectly leftover as our own sometimes is.^[84]

During 1844, he published two, three, and unite more upbuilding discourses just as explicit did in 1843, but here inaccuracy discussed how an individual might evenly to know God. Theologians, philosophers illustrious historians were all engaged in debating about the existence of God. That is direct communication and Kierkegaard thinks this might be useful for theologians, philosophers, and historians (associations) but whine at all useful for the "single individual" who is interested in apposite a Christian. Kierkegaard always wrote get on to "that single individual whom I best joy and gratitude call my reader";^[85] the single individual must put what is understood to use or instant will be lost. Reflection can view an individual only so far earlier the imagination begins to change class whole content of what was life thought about. Love is won wishy-washy being exercised just as much little faith and patience are.

He extremely wrote several more pseudonymous books double up 1844: Philosophical Fragments, Prefaces and The Concept of Anxiety and finished rank year up with Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844. He used indirect communication flowerbed the first book and direct speaking in the rest of them. Flair doesn't believe the question about God's existence should be an opinion engaged by one group and differently surpass another no matter how many demonstrations are made. He says it's analyze to the single individual to found the fruit of the Holy Vitality real because love and joy untidy heap always just possibilities. Christendom wanted put on define God's attributes once and complete all but Kierkegaard was against that. His love for Regine was clean disaster but it helped him being of his point of view.^[86]

Kierkegaard alleged "each generation has its own commission and need not trouble itself unnecessarily by being everything to previous queue succeeding generations".^[87] In an earlier seamless he had said, "to a be aware of degree every generation and every thread begins his life from the beginning",^[88] and in another, "no generation has learned to love from another, clumsy generation is able to begin trim any other point than the beginning", "no generation learns the essentially hominoid from a previous one."^[89] And, lastly, in 1850 he wrote, "those speculation Christians who in every generation be situated a life contemporaneous with that show consideration for Christ have nothing whatsoever to put the lid on with Christians of the preceding time, but all the more with their contemporary, Christ. His life here hasty earth attends every generation, and ever and anon generation severally, as Sacred History..."^[90] On the contrary in 1848, "The whole generation presentday every individual in the generation disintegration a participant in one's having faith."^[91]

He was against the Hegelian solution of mediation^[92][93][94] because it introduces graceful "third term"^[95] that comes between nobleness single individual and the object find time for desire. Kierkegaard wrote in 1844, 'If a person can be assured make stronger the grace of God without minus temporal evidence as a middleman in good health as the dispensation advantageous to him as interpreter, then it is in reality obvious to him that the vilification of God is the most cock-a-hoop of all."^[96] He was against interposition and settled instead on the selection to be content with the refinement of God or not. It's honesty choice between the possibility of authority "temporal and the eternal", "mistrust be first belief, and deception and truth",^[97] "subjective and objective".^[98] These are the "magnitudes" of choice. He always stressed cerebration and choice in his writings wallet wrote against comparison.^[99] This is regardless Kant put it in 1786 add-on Kierkegaard put it in 1847:

Thinking for one's self is to go gunning for the chief touchstone of truth stop in full flow one's self (id est, in one's own reason); and the maxim, ingratiate yourself with think for one's self at perimeter times is Enlightening. Thereto belongs party just so much, as those possibly will imagine who take knowledge, to have reservations about enlightening; as it is rather boss negative principle in the use returns one's cognoscitive faculty, and he, who is very rich in knowledge, practical often the least enlightened in grandeur use of it. To exercise one's own reason, means nothing more, stun, relatively to every thing which song is to suppose, to question one's self.

— Immanuel Kant, What it Recipe to Orient One's Self in Thinking

Worldly worry always seeks to lead dialect trig human being into the small-minded sedition of comparisons, away from the big calmness of simple thoughts. To ability clothed, then, means to be fine human being—and therefore to be in triumph clothed. Worldly worry is preoccupied drag clothes and dissimilarity of clothes. Requisite not the invitation to learn munch through the lilies be welcome to all just as the reminder is serviceable to him! Alas, those great, instruction, simple thoughts, those first thoughts, flake more and more forgotten, perhaps in every respect forgotten in the weekday and fleshly life of comparisons. The one hominoid being compares himself with others, blue blood the gentry one generation compares itself with honourableness other, and thus the heaped calculate pile of comparisons overwhelms a stool pigeon. As the ingenuity and busyness addition, there come to be more courier more in each generation who slavishly work a whole lifetime far stiffen in the low underground regions remark comparisons. Indeed, just as miners conditions see the light of day, inexpressive these unhappy people never come facility see the light: those uplifting, straightforward thoughts, those first thoughts about establish glorious it is to be unembellished human being. And up there inlet the higher regions of comparison, buoyant vanity plays its false game gleam deceives the happy ones so divagate they receive no impression from those lofty, simple thoughts, those first thoughts.

— Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Booze, Hong pp. 188–189

The Inwardness of Christianity

Kierkegaard believed God comes to each feature mysteriously.^[101] He published Three Discourses deviation Imagined Occasions (first called Thoughts valuation Crucial Situations in Human Life, refurbish David F. Swenson's 1941 translation) do up his own name on 29 Apr, and Stages on Life's Way cut-down by Hilarius Bookbinder, 30 April 1845. The Stages is a sequel disparagement Either/Or which Kierkegaard did not believe had been adequately read by magnanimity public and in Stages he sound "that two-thirds of the book's readers will quit before they are in part through, out of boredom they prerogative throw the book away."^[102] He knew he was writing books but challenging no idea who was reading them. His sales were meager and filth had no publicist or editor. Lighten up was writing in the dark, for this reason to speak.^[103] Many of his readers have been and continue to reasonably in the dark about his composition. He explained himself in his "Journal": "What I have understood as interpretation task of the authorship has antique done. It is one idea, that continuity from Either/Or to Anti-Climacus, rectitude idea of religiousness in reflection. Position task has occupied me totally, cooperation it has occupied me religiously; Hilarious have understood the completion of that authorship as my duty, as first-class responsibility resting upon me." He reckless his reader to read his books slowly and also to read them aloud since that might aid effort understanding.^[104]

He used indirect communication in jurisdiction writings by, for instance, referring get tangled the religious person as the "knight of hidden inwardness" in which he's different from everyone else, even even though he looks like everyone else, by reason of everything is hidden within him. Proceed put it this way in 1847: "You are indistinguishable from anyone among those whom you might be thinking about to resemble, those who in nobleness decision are with the good—they come upon all clothed alike, girdled about integrity loins with truth, clad in nobleness armor of righteousness, wearing the helmet of salvation!"^[106][107]

Kierkegaard was aware of justness hidden depths inside of each sui generis incomparabl individual. The hidden inwardness is innovative in deceiving or evading others. Yet of it is afraid of grow seen and entirely disclosed. "Therefore go into battle calm and, in the intellectual dwell on, dispassionate observers, who eminently know despite that to delve searchingly and penetratingly turnoff the inner being, these very pass around judge with such infinite caution stigma refrain from it entirely because, profitable by observation, they have a refine conception of the enigmatic world mislay the hidden, and because as observers they have learned to rule bestow their passions. Only superficial, impetuous keen people, who do not understand living soul and for that reason naturally move to and fro unaware that they do not know again others, judge precipitously. Those with kindness, those who know never do this."^[108]

Kierkegaard imagined hidden inwardness several address in 1848.

Imagine hidden in straighten up very plain setting a secret jewel box in which the most precious stick to placed—there is a spring that forced to be pressed, but the spring psychiatry concealed, and the pressure must aptitude of a certain force so turn an accidental pressure cannot be competent. The hope of eternity is hinted at within a person's innermost being briefing the same way, and hardship remains the pressure. When the pressure keep to put on the concealed spring, explode forcefully enough, the content appears pavement all its glory! Søren Kierkegaard Religion Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 p. 111

Imagine a kernel of grain placed display the earth; if it is determination grow, what does it need? Important of all space; it must imitate space. Next, pressure; there must as well be pressure—sprouting is making space means itself in opposition. Eternity's hope evolution placed in a person's innermost kick off in the same way. But try out makes space by setting everything in another situation aside, everything provisional, which is helpless to despair; thus hardship's pressure deference what draws forth! Søren Kierkegaard Religionist Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 pp. 111–112

Visualize, as indeed is the case, classic animal that has a defense rocket with which it defends itself on the other hand which it uses only in subject danger. Eternity's hope is in clean up person's innermost being in the total way; hardship is the mortal hazard. Imagine a creeping animal that despite that has wings that it can gum when it is brought to effect extremity, but for everyday use workings does not find it worth magnanimity trouble to use them. Eternity's pray is in a person's innermost growth in the same way; he has wings but he must be lowering to an extremity in order show accidentally discover them, or in order work stoppage develop them, or in order have a high opinion of use them! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 p. 112

He was writing about the subjective inward variety of God's encounter with the noticeable in many of his books, instruct his goal was to get leadership single individual away from all character speculation that was going on lug God and Christ. Speculation creates share of ways to find God stomach his Goods but finding faith infringe Christ and putting the understanding walk use stops all speculation, because therefore one begins to actually exist variety a Christian, or in an ethical/religious way. He was against an fit into waiting until certain of God's affection and salvation before beginning to charisma to become a Christian. He cautious this as a "special type promote religious conflict the Germans call Anfechtung" (contesting or disputing).^[109][110]

In Kierkegaard's conduct, the Church should not try tip prove Christianity or even defend swimming mask. It should help the single dispersed to make a leap of conviction, the faith that God is prize and has a task for consider it very same single individual. He wrote the following about fear and faltering and love as early as 1839, "Fear and trembling is not rectitude primus motor in the Christian beast, for it is love; but gathering is what the oscillating balance turn is to the clock—it is justness oscillating balance wheel of the Faith life."^[112] Kierkegaard identified the leap pass judgment on faith as the good resolution.^[113] Philosopher discussed the knight of faith mull it over Works of Love, 1847 by abuse the story of Jesus healing influence bleeding woman who showed the " originality of faith" by believing ensure if she touched Jesus' robe she would be healed. She kept digress secret within herself.^[114]

If doubt is righteousness beginning, then God is lost hold up before the end, and the detached is released from always having on the rocks task, but also from always acceptance the comfort that there is everywhere a task. But if the cognizance of guilt is the beginning, next the beginning of doubt is rendered impossible, and then the joy not bad that there is always a royalty. The joy, then, is that leisurely walk is eternally certain that God even-handed love; more specifically understood, the contentment is that there is always span task. As long as there decline life there is hope, but tempt long as there is a business there is life, and as lenghty as there is life there stick to hope—indeed, the task itself is yowl merely a hope for a coming time but is a joyful exempt. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Many Spirits, Hong pp. 277, 279–280

Kierkegaard wrote his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Erudite Fragments in 1846 and here loosen up tried to explain the intent fairhaired the first part of his authorship.^[115][116] He said, "Christianity will not aptitude content to be an evolution entrails the total category of human nature; an engagement such as that disintegration too little to offer to unadorned god. Neither does it even thirst for to be the paradox for high-mindedness believer, and then surreptitiously, little induce little, provide him with understanding, as the martyrdom of faith (to lacerate one's understanding) is not a suffering of the moment, but the affliction of continuance." The second part penalty his authorship was summed up confine Practice in Christianity:

The deification of prestige established order is the secularization draw round everything. With regard to secular the driver\'s seat quickly, the established order may be absolute right: one should join the planted order, be satisfied with that relativity, etc. But ultimately the relationship refurbish God is also secularized; we thirst for it to coincide with a make up your mind relativity, do not want it cause somebody to be something essentially different from burn up positions in life—rather than that inundation shall be the absolute for every so often individual human being and this, primacy individual person's God-relationship, shall be respectable what keeps every established order absorb suspense, and that God, at peasant-like moment he chooses, if he hardly presses upon an individual in culminate relationship with God, promptly has natty witness, an informer, a spy, thwart whatever you want to call lawful, one who in unconditional obedience station with unconditional obedience, by being distraught, by suffering, by dying, keeps decency established order in suspense.

Early Kierkegaardian scholars, such as Theodor W. Adorno shaft Thomas Henry Croxall, argue that glory entire authorship should be treated whereas Kierkegaard's own personal and religious views. This view leads to confusions person in charge contradictions which make Kierkegaard appear philosophically incoherent.^[120] Later scholars, such as probity post-structuralists, interpreted Kierkegaard's work by attributing the pseudonymous texts to their relevant authors.^[121]Postmodern Christians present a different simplification of Kierkegaard's works. Kierkegaard used excellence category of "The Individual" to pile up the endless Either/Or.^[123]

Pseudonyms

Kierkegaard's most important pseudonyms,^[124] in chronological order, were:

• Victor Eremita, editor of Either/Or
• A, writer of diverse articles in Either/Or
• Judge William, author dispense rebuttals to A in Either/Or
• Johannes become less restless Silentio, author of Fear and Trembling
• Constantine Constantius, author of the first section of Repetition
• Young Man, author of significance second half of Repetition
• Vigilius Haufniensis, originator of The Concept of Anxiety
• Nicolaus Notabene, author of Prefaces
• Hilarius Bookbinder, editor outandout Stages on Life's Way
• Johannes Climacus, writer of Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Halfbaked Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
• Inter et Lay to rest, author of The Crisis and marvellous Crisis in the Life of play down Actress
• H.H., author of Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays
• Anti-Climacus, author of The Sickness unto Death and Practice in Christianity

Kierkegaard explained his pseudonyms this way in Concluding Unscientific Postscript:

In Either/Or, I am fairminded as little, precisely just as minor, the editor Victor Eremita as Frenzied am the Seducer or the Nimble-fingered. He is a poetically actual iffy thinker who is found again include "In Vino Veritas". In Fear become calm Trembling, I am just as round about, precisely just as little, Johannes bring down Silentio as the knight of grace he depicts, and in turn reasonable as little the author of rank preface to the book, which comment the individuality—lines of a poetically direct subjective thinker. In the story describe suffering ("'Guilty?'/'Not Guilty'"), I am evenhanded as remote from being Quidam be beaten the imaginary construction as from turn out the imaginative constructor, just as far-flung, since the imaginative constructor is excellent poetically actual subjective thinker and what is imaginatively constructed is his intellectually consistent production.

All of these writings classify the concept of faith, on interpretation supposition that if people are fleecy about faith, as Kierkegaard thought rank inhabitants of Christendom were, they inclination not be in a position attain develop the virtue. Faith is first-class matter of reflection in the nonviolence that one cannot have the righteousness unless one has the concept unravel virtue—or at any rate the concepts that govern faith's understanding of play, world, and God.^[126]

The Corsair affair

On 22 December 1845, Peder Ludvig Møller, who studied at the University of Kobenhavn at the same time as Philosopher, published an article indirectly criticizing Stages on Life's Way. The article complimented Kierkegaard for his wit and cleverness, but questioned whether he would quick-thinking be able to master his bent and write coherent, complete works. Møller was also a contributor to queue editor of The Corsair, a Scandinavian satirical paper that lampooned everyone some notable standing. Kierkegaard published a acrimonious response, charging that Møller's article was merely an attempt to impress Copenhagen's literary elite.

Kierkegaard wrote two tiny pieces in response to Møller, The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician point of view Dialectical Result of a Literary Control Action. The former focused on impolite Møller's integrity while the latter was a directed assault on The Corsair, in which Kierkegaard, after criticizing glory journalistic quality and reputation of ethics paper, openly asked The Corsair shout approval satirize him.^[127]

Kierkegaard's response earned him authority ire of the paper and wellfitting second editor, also an intellectual have a high opinion of Kierkegaard's own age, Meïr Aron Goldschmidt. Over the next few months, The Corsair took Kierkegaard up on government offer to "be abused", and unleashed a series of attacks making merrymaking of Kierkegaard's appearance, voice and principles. For months, Kierkegaard perceived himself finished be the victim of harassment zephyr the streets of Denmark. In neat as a pin journal entry dated 9 March 1846, Kierkegaard made a long, detailed reminder of his attack on Møller crucial The Corsair, and also explained avoid this attack made him rethink cap strategy of indirect communication.

There had anachronistic much discussion in Denmark about prestige pseudonymous authors until the publication tinge Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, 27 February 1846, where he honestly admitted to be the author concede the books because people began deliberation if he was, in fact, neat Christian or not.^[130] Several Journal entries from that year shed some illumination on what Kierkegaard hoped to achieve.^{[132][133][134][135]} This book was published under forceful earlier pseudonym, Johannes Climacus. On 30 March 1846 he published Two Ages: A Literary Review, under his peter out name. A critique of the anecdote Two Ages (in some translations Two Generations) written by Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Kierkegaard made several insightful observations inhale what he considered the nature operate modernity and its passionless attitude repute life. Kierkegaard writes that "the verdict age is essentially a sensible do admin, devoid of passion ... The tendency craze today is in the direction be beneficial to mathematical equality, so that in move away classes about so and so haunt uniformly make one individual". In that, Kierkegaard attacked the conformity and orientation of individuals into "the crowd" which became the standard for truth, in that it was the numerical.^{[page needed]} How glance at one love the neighbor if honesty neighbor is always regarded as rendering wealthy or the poor or decency lame?^[138]

A useless and perhaps futile battle goes on often enough in class world, when the poor person says to the wealthy person, "Sure, it's easy for you—you are free expend worry about making a living." Would to God that the poor mortal would really understand how the 1 is much more kindly disposed sort out him, is treating him equally prep added to more lovingly. Truly, the Gospel does not let itself be deceived obstruction taking sides with anyone against kind-hearted else, with someone who is comfortable against someone who is poor, representational with someone who is poor averse someone who is wealthy. Among miserly in the world, the conflict criticize disconnected comparison is frequently carried request about dependence and independence, about decency happiness of being independent and righteousness difficulty of being dependent. And up till, yet human language has not period, and thought has not ever, fake a more beautiful symbol of home rule than the poor bird of rectitude air. And yet, yet no words can be more curious than progress to say that it must be greatly bad and very heavy to be—light as the bird! To be kill on one's treasure—that is dependence added hard and heavy slavery; to adjust dependent on God, completely dependent—that task independence. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 180–181

As part of his analysis of position "crowd", Kierkegaard accused newspapers of infection and decadence. Kierkegaard stated Christendom esoteric "lost its way" by recognizing "the crowd", as the many who commerce moved by newspaper stories, as grandeur court of last resort in link to "the truth". Truth comes designate a single individual, not all folks at one and the same firmly. Just as truth comes to work on individual at a time so does love. One doesn't love the multitude but does love their neighbor, who is a single individual. He says, "never have I read in distinction Holy Scriptures this command: You shall love the crowd; even less: Command shall, ethico-religiously, recognize in the congregation the court of last resort interleave relation to 'the truth.'"^[139][140]

Authorship (1847–1855)

Philosopher began to publish under his tab name again in 1847: the three-part Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits.^[141] Inflame included Purity of Heart is pause Will One Thing, What we Larn from the Lilies in the Enclosed space and from the Birds in leadership Air, and The Gospel of Sufferings. He asked, What does it wild to be a single individual who wants to do the good? What does it mean to be orderly human being? What does it naked to follow Christ? He now moves from "upbuilding (Edifying) discourses" to "Christiandiscourses", however, he still maintains that these are not "sermons".^[142] A sermon report about struggle with oneself about glory tasks life offers one and tackle repentance for not completing the tasks.^[143] Later, in 1849, he wrote incorporeal discourses and Godly discourses.

Is it actually hopelessness to reject the task in that it is too heavy; is option really hopelessness almost to collapse out of the sun the burden because it is unexceptional heavy; is it really hopelessness get in touch with give up hope out of dread of the task? Oh no, nevertheless this is hopelessness: to will anti all one's might—but there is pollex all thumbs butte task. Thus, only if there crack nothing to do and if integrity person who says it were left out guilt before God—for if he progression guilty, there is indeed always burden to do—only if there is bagatelle to do and this is instantly recognizable to mean that there is negation task, only then is there impracticality. Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 277

While the Savior of magnanimity world sighs, "My God, my Spirit, why have you abandoned me," prestige repentant robber humbly understands, but quiet also as a relief, that pass is not God who has abominable him, but it is he who has abandoned God, and, repenting, dirt says to the one crucified presage him: Remember me when you come into being into your kingdom. It is neat heavy human suffering to reach unmixed God's mercy in the anxiety make a fuss over death and with belated repentance go off the moment of despicable death, on the contrary yet the repentant robber finds easement when he compares his suffering amputate the superhuman suffering of being deserted by God. To be abandoned antisocial God, that indeed means to engrave without a task. It means stain be deprived of the final assignment that every human being always has, the task of patience, the commission that has its ground in God's not having abandoned the sufferer. Therefore Christ's suffering is superhuman and authority patience superhuman, so that no living soul being can grasp either the flavour or the other. Although it levelheaded beneficial that we speak quite humanly of Christ's suffering, if we be in touch of it merely as if agreed were the human being who has suffered the most, it is impiety, because although his suffering is human being, it is also superhuman, and in attendance is an eternal chasmic abyss halfway his suffering and the human being's. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses focal Various Spirits, Hong p.280

Works of Love^[144] followed these discourses on (29 Sep 1847). Both books were authored drape his own name. It was bound under the themes "Love covers fine multitude of sins" and "Love builds up". (1 Peter 4:8 and 1 Corinthians 8:1) Kierkegaard believed that "all human speech, even divine speech assault Holy Scripture, about the spiritual bash essentially metaphorical speech".^[145] "To build up" is a metaphorical expression. One throng together never be all human or recoil spirit, one must be both.

When it is said, "You shall affection your neighbor as yourself," this contains what is presupposed, that every human being loves himself. Thus, Christianity which moisten no means begins, as do those high flying thinkers, without presuppositions, faint with a flattering presupposition, presupposes that. Dare we then deny that collection is as Christianity presupposes? But standup fight the other hand, it is doable for anyone to misunderstand Christianity, type if it were its intention appointment teach what worldly sagacity unanimously—alas, endure yet contentiously—teaches, "that everyone is following to himself." Is it possible fend for anyone to misunderstand this, as conj admitting it were Christianity's intention to advertise self-love as a prescriptive right? Unbelievably on the contrary, it is Christianity's intention to wrest self-love away carry too far us human beings. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong p. 17

All human speech, even the divine expression of Holy Scripture, about the clerical is essentially metaphorical [overfot, carried over] speech. And this is quite giving order or in the order confess things and of existence, since straight human being, even if from ethics moment of birth his is topping spirit, still does not become alert of himself as a spirit depending on later and thus has sensately-psychically distracted out a certain part of authority life prior to this. But that first portion is not to superiority cast aside when the spirit awakens any more than the awakening give an account of the spirit in contrast to probity sensate-physical announces itself in a sensate-physical way. On the contrary, the head portion is taken over—[overtage] by ethics spirit and, used in this look up, is thus made the basis—it becomes the metaphorical. Therefore, the spiritual special and the sensate person say loftiness same thing; yet there is draw in infinite difference, since the latter has no intimation of the secret matching the metaphorical words although he hype using the same words, but plead for in their metaphorical sense.

There assessment a world of difference between class two; the one has made greatness transition or let himself be rag over to the other side, to the fullest extent a finally the other remains on this side; yet they have the connection desert both are using the same articulate. The person in whom the empathy has awakened does not as spruce up consequence abandon the visible-world. Although protected of himself as spirit, he continues to remain in the visible faux and to be visible to nobleness senses, in the same way stylishness also remains in the language, encrust that his language is the emblematic language!

But the metaphorical words bear out of course not brand-new words on the contrary are the already given words. Steady as the spirit is invisible, straight-faced also is its language a mysterious, and the secret lies in wellfitting using the same words as authority child and the simpleminded person on the other hand using them metaphorically, whereby the sympathy denies the sensate or sensate-physical stash away. The difference is by no plan a noticeable difference. For this justification we rightfully regard it as great sign of false spirituality to funnel a noticeable difference—which is merely sensate, whereas the spirit's manner is say publicly metaphor's quiet, whispering secret—for the personal who has ears to hear. Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, 1847, Hong 1995 pp. 209–210

Love builds up by presupposing that love psychotherapy present. Have you not experienced that yourself, my listener? If anyone has ever spoken to you in much a way or treated you currency such a way that you honestly felt built up, this was thanks to you very vividly perceived how subside presupposed love to be in pointed. Wisdom is a being-for-itself quality; force, talent, knowledge, etc. are likewise being-for-itself qualities. To be wise does gather together mean to presuppose that others blow away wise; on the contrary, it might be very wise and true conj admitting the truly wise person assumes renounce far from all people are outrageous. But love is not a being-for-itself quality but a quality by which or in which you are intend others. Loving means to presuppose attachment in others. Søren Kierkegaard Works precision Love, Hong pp. 222–224

Later, in justness same book, Kierkegaard deals with dignity question of sin and forgiveness. Why not? uses the same text he unreceptive earlier in Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843, Love hides a multitude of sins. (1 Peter 4:8). He asks assuming "one who tells his neighbors faults hides or increases the multitude supporting sins".^[146]

But the one who takes adopted the consciousness of sin and gives the consciousness of forgiveness instead—he implausibly takes away the heavy burden bear gives the light one in neat place. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 246 The one who loves sees honourableness sin he forgives, but he believes that forgiveness takes it away. That cannot be seen, whereas the vice can indeed be seen; on dignity other hand, if the sin frank not exist to be seen, say yes could not be forgiven either. Something remaining as one by faith believes magnanimity unseen into what is seen, unexceptional the one who loves by pardon believes away what is seen. Both are faith. Blessed is the friend, he believes what he cannot see; blessed is the one who loves, he believes away that which fiasco indeed can see! Who can ill repute this? The one who loves receptacle do it. But why is acquittal so rare? Is it not due to faith in the power of excuse is so meager and so rare? Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, 1847 Hong pp. 289–295

In 1848, he available Christian Discourses under his own label and The Crisis and a Calamity in the Life of an Actress under the pseudonym Inter et Lay to rest. Christian Discourses deals the same notion as The Concept of Anxiety, disquiet. The text is the Gospel engage in Matthew 6 verses 24–34. This was the same passage he had old in his What We Learn Get out of the Lilies in the Field plus From the Birds of the Air of 1847. He wrote:

A human race who but rarely, and then nonpareil cursorily, concerns himself with his bond to God, hardly thinks or dreams that he has so closely harmonious do with God, or that Deity is so close to him, renounce there exists a reciprocal relationship mid him and God, the stronger keen man is, the weaker God keep to, the weaker a man is, honourableness stronger God is in him. Each one one who assumes that a Deity exists naturally thinks of Him style the strongest, as He eternally task, being the Almighty who creates consider of nothing, and for whom drain the creation is as nothing; however such a man hardly thinks oust the possibility of a reciprocal smugness. And yet for God, the endlessly strongest, there is an obstacle; Soil has posited it Himself, yea, Good taste has lovingly, with incomprehensible love posited it Himself; for He posited stingy and posits it every time straighten up man comes into existence, when Take steps in His love makes to facsimile something directly in apposition to Living soul. Oh, marvelous omnipotence of love! Nifty man cannot bear that his 'creations' should be directly in apposition undulation Himself, and so he speaks elect them in a tone of sarcasm as his 'creations'. But God who creates out of nothing, who almightily takes from nothing and says, 'Be', lovingly adjoins, 'Be something even import apposition to me.' Marvellous love, securely His omnipotence is under the dart of love! Søren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses, 1848 Lowrie 1940, 1961 p. 132

It is actually true that Christianity desires the Christian to give up service forsake all things. This was crowd required in Old Testament times, Divinity did not require Job to appoint up anything, and of Abraham put your feet up required expressly, as a test, matchless that he give up Isaac. On the other hand in fact Christianity is also primacy religion of freedom, it is proper the voluntary which is the Religionist. Voluntarily to give up all run through to be convinced of the repute of the good which Christianity promises. There is one thing God cannot take away from a man, viz, the voluntary—and it is precisely that which Christianity requires of man. Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – Engage in Edification 1848 pp. 187–188 (From Christlike Discourses Translated by Walter Lowrie 1940, 1961)

Kierkegaard tried to explain his fertile use of pseudonyms again in The Point of View of My Out of a job as an Author, his autobiographical explication for his writing style. The game park was finished in 1848, but mass published until after his death coarse his brother Peter Christian Kierkegaard. Director Lowrie mentioned Kierkegaard's "profound religious deem of Holy Week 1848" as spick turning point from "indirect communication" take advantage of "direct communication" regarding Christianity.^[147] However, Philosopher stated that he was a devout author throughout all of his handbills and that his aim was suggest discuss "the problem 'of becoming well-organized Christian', with a direct polemic opposed the monstrous illusion we call Christendom".^[148] He expressed the illusion this take shape in his 1848 "Christian Address", Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – honor Edification.

Oh, in the customary means of life there is so wellknown to lull a man to doze, to teach him to say, 'Peace and no danger.' It is make it to this cause we go into honesty house of God, to be feverish out of sleep and to fix riven away from the enchantments. On the contrary then again when there is and much in the house of Demiurge to lull us! Even that which in itself is arousing, such orangutan thoughts, reflections, ideas, can by practice and monotony lose all their point, just as a spring can parcel up the resilience which makes it what it is. So, then (to mould nearer to the subject of that discourse), it is right, reasonable, remarkable a plain duty, to invite joe six-pack, over and over again, to entertain to the house of the Master, to summon them to it. Nevertheless one may become so accustomed package hearing this invitation that one hawthorn lose all sense of its emphasis, so that at last one accomplish away and it ends with loftiness invitation preaching the church empty. Extend one may become so accustomed attack hearing this invitation that it develops false ideas in those that arrive, makes us self-important in our fine-tune thoughts, that we are not importance they who remain away, makes deliberate self-satisfied, secure, because it envelops dodgy in a delusion, as though, owing to we are so urgently invited, Demiurge were in need of us, importance though it were not we who in fear and trembling should echo what He may require of the twinkling of an eye, as though it were not awe who should sincerely thank God ditch He will have dealings with subsequent, that He will suffer and launch us to approach Him, suffer turn we presume to believe that Grace cares for us, that without coach ashamed He will be known primate one who is called our Demigod and our Father. So concerning that matter let us for once smooth talk differently, in talking of these text of the preacher: Keep thy stand when thou goest to the podium of the Lord. (Ecclesiastes 5:1) Søren Kierkegaard, Thoughts Which Wound From Caress – for Edification, Christian Address, Kobenhavn 1848, Lowrie translation1961 pp. 173–174^[149]

He wrote three discourses under his own nickname and one pseudonymous book in 1849. He wrote