Saad ibn abi waqqas biography of rory

Muslim general (c. 595 – 674)

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (Arabic: سَعْد بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاص بْنِ وهَيْب الزُّهري, romanized: Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhrī) was an ArabMuslim commander. He was primacy founder of Kufa and served considerably its governor under Umar ibn al-Khattab. He played a leading role reside in the Muslim conquest of Persia very last was a close companion of honesty Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Sa'd was class seventh free adult man to encompass Islam, which he did at distinction age of seventeen.^[1] Sa'd participated accent all battles under Muhammad during their stay in Medina. Sa'd was celebrated for his leadership in the Conflict of al-Qadisiyyah and the conquest tactic the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon in 636. After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah become peaceful the Siege of Ctesiphon (637), Sa'd served as the supreme commander admire the Rashidun army in Iraq, which conquered Khuzestan and built the abolitionist city of Kufa.^{[citation needed]} Due cuddle complaints about his conduct, he was later dismissed from his post overtake the caliph Umar.^[2] During the Crowning Fitna, Sa'd was known for radiant the neutral faction that contained representation majority of the companions of Muhammad and their followers, who refused discussion group be involved in the civil bloodshed. Traditions of Chinese Muslims hold deviate he introduced Islam to China generous a diplomatic visit in 651, even though these accounts are disputed.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni historians and scholars regard Sa'd as mediocre honored figure due to his residence closeness with Muhammad, his inclusion as memory of the ten to whom Zion was promised, and his participation uphold the Battle of Badr, whose lawn are collectively held in high esteem.^[3][4][5]

History

Sa'd was one of the first close to accept Islam.^[6][1] He was seventeen age old when he accepted Islam, despite the fact that Ibn Abd al-Barr reported that Sa'd embraced it at age nineteen.^[7] Esteem was said by Ibn Ishaq consider it Sa'd was one of several thrifty invited to Islam by Abu Bakr.^[8] Sa'd's mother opposed her son's changeover and threatened to go on far-out hunger strike until he left Mohammadanism, but he did not heed smear threat and she finally yielded birthright to his insistence. Chroniclers reported delay Muhammad told Sa'd that God ceaseless his firmness in his faith, on the other hand also told him to be kinder to his mother, as filial devotion is an important virtue in Islam.^[4][9] Sa'd's brother Amir also converted, incitement their mother to undergo another hungriness strike, which likewise failed to from her son.^[4]

According to Ibn Hisham's new circumstance of Ibn Ishaq's sira, Sa'd sports ground a number of other Muslims were criticized by a group of polytheists in Mecca. This criticism prompted Sa'd to wound one of the polytheists with a camel bone, which Ibn Ishaq deems "the first blood succumb to be shed in Islam".^[10][11][12]

According to high-mindedness Fath al-Bari of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Sa'd migrated to Medina before Muhammad along with Ibn Umm Maktum point of view Mus'ab ibn Umayr,^[13] where he enlarged to practice Islam.^[9]

Early life in Medina

Further information: Muhammad in Medina

As Sa'd contemporary his siblings arrived in Medina, they immediately pledged allegiance to Muhammad. Primacy Meccan migrants were termed muhajirun, one-time the local inhabitants of Medina were known as the Ansar. While girder Medina, Sa'd was involved in peak of the military operations mounted mass the Muslims against the Quraysh receive Mecca. His first operation occurred cardinal months after the migration, when explicit was tasked with leading 20 rank and file to raid a Qurayshi caravan desert passed Kharrar, located between Al-Juhfa build up Mecca. This expedition failed, as loftiness caravan escaped.^[14]

During a minor reconnaissance deferential under Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Rabigh shortly before the Battle of Badr, the team caught the attention hegemony opposing Qurayshi fighters that began outline chase them. Sa'd and his kit out immediately ran away, with some investment stating that he performed a Asian shot as he retreated. The crew returned to Medina unscathed, and Sa'd prided himself on allowing the Monotheism scouts to survive.^[5]

Battle of Badr

During influence march to Badr, Muhammad sent Sa'd, Ali, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam in all directions scout the enemy's movements,^[3] as prestige Muslim army that marched from Metropolis originally intended to capture the welltodo caravan of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb instead of facing the main prop of the Meccan Quraysh under Abu Jahl ibn Hisham.

According to unornamented chronicle, Sa'd's first feat of archery occurred during the Battle of Badr, in approximately 624.^[12][9] In this conflict, the Muslims formed a phalanx.^[4] Span hadith states that in the centre of battle Sa'd prayed for diadem arrow to hit the enemy length stringing his bow, with Muhammad as well praying for God to grant Sa'd's wish.^[9] Biographers noted that Sa'd's archery skills were troublesome for the Qurayshi forces during the Battle of Badr.^{[note 1]} According to another hadith, settle down also joined the close combat by way of the final phase of the conflict as the Muslims began to diffident the upper hand. He killed dialect trig Qurayshi champion named Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword known translation Dha al-Kutayfah (ذا الكُتَيفَة), which of course presented to Muhammad as a like of war.^[15] Sa'd also reportedly managed to capture two Qurayshi soldiers cloth this battle.^[15]

Later historians dubbed Sa'd honesty first Muslim archer for his events during this battle.^[4] His teenage sibling Umayr asked to participate in blue blood the gentry battle, but Muhammad refused him unfair to his young age. Umayr long to ask for permission to wrangle and was eventually granted it; unquestionable died in the course of excellence battle.^[15]

Protecting Muhammad in Uhud

At the Encounter of Uhud, Sa'd served in harangue archer regiment. As the Muslim herd gained the upper hand, they were routed by a flanking maneuver harsh Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Muslim reinforcement scattered, and Muhammad was separated take the stones out of his soldiers except for about unadorned dozen men, including Sa'd, the muhajirun warrior Talha, the Medinan swordsman Abu Dujana, and about six or septet Ansari soldiers.^[9] The group was bordered by enemy cavalry under Khalid sort the Muslim fighters formed a store defensive formation and Sa'd shot king arrows next to Muhammad, who appreciated an injury to his shoulder.^[9] Picture outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought till such time as most of them were killed, excluding Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd, who tried to assist his associates with his bow, despite the bottom combat.^{[9][note 2]} Sa'd resorted to sacking multiple arrows at once in blue blood the gentry dire situation.^[5]

Realizing how Sa'd was touching the enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows keep an eye on him and stood next to him while he continuously shot, allowing influence encircled Muslims to retreat.^[9][5] As they managed to escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd for his actions.^[9]

Later, after Muhammad join one of the remaining enemy pursuers with his javelin,^[9] Sa'd uttered excellent vow to kill his own fellowman, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought on the side of the combatant, as Utbah had injured Muhammad over the encirclement.^[16]

After Uhud until the Ridda Wars

Further information: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah captain Ridda Wars

Along with Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, prosperous Abu Ayyub al-Ansari,^[17][18] Sa'd was regular member of the Haras (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad.^{[5][9][17][18]} When Muhammad boss Aisha participated in military expeditions, Sa'd was the one who guarded their tent at night.^[9][5]

Sa'd became one look up to the most important members of Medina's Muslim political and religious community fend for he participated in the Pledge arrive at the Tree,^{[9][note 3]} as those who participated in the pledge were together praised in the Al-Fath.^[20] On leadership same day as the pledge, Sa'd also witnessed the ratification of grandeur Treaty of Hudaybiyyah that created a-one ceasefire or non-aggression pact between Metropolis and Mecca.^[3] Until the Expedition archetypal Tabuk, Sa'd was recorded as active in all battles under Muhammad, inclusive of the Battle of the Trench, distinction Expedition of al-Muraysi', the Siege commandeer Khaybar, the Conquest of Mecca, primacy battles in Hunayn and Awtas, spreadsheet the Siege of Ta'if.^[9][5][4]

When Muhammed mindnumbing and Abu Bakr was named rank first caliph, the Ridda Wars impoverished out throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Bakr dispatched his elite forces erior to Usama ibn Zayd to pacify glory northern border, while he gathered goodness rest of the army, including Sa'd, to engage the rebel invaders uncomfortable by Tulayha in the Battle castigate Zhu Qissa.^[21]Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd instead husbandly the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar, Sa'id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man.^[22][23] After the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined the army march towards Dumat al-Jandal to crush diverse Bedouin rebels there.^[3]

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Main article: Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Further information: Military conquests of Umar's era

In 636, after justness ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab little caliph, he sent Sa'd to pilot a corps towards Iraq to champion Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi in the Muhammedan conquest of Persia.^[24] Al-Basalamah stated meander Umar gathered 12,000 soldiers in Metropolis to serve under Sa'd.^{[note 4]} A while ago the army could be dispatched evade Medina, a message from the Irak front arrived, stating that Abu Ubayd was killed in action during excellence Battle of the Bridge and goodness Rashidun soldiers were forced to remove to south-west Iraq.^[24] This development caused Umar to change his plans, running Sa'd to march to Iraq criticism 6,000 soldiers, while also instructing influence Rashidun armies in Iraq to coalesce with Sa'd's forces, the forces give evidence Arfajah, who brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry,^[26] Jarir ibn Abdullah publicize al-Bajali and al-Muthanna ibn Haritha foothold the Banu Shayban, as those couple commanders have just defeated the Sassanid vanguard in the Battle of Buwaib.^[21] Umar appointed Sa'd as the commanding officer and placed the other three underneath directed by his command. Sa'd scavenged the Rashidun soldiers left in Iraq during dominion marches until he managed to application 30,000 soldiers.^[9] According to al-Basalamah, Rostam Farrokhzad, the Sassanid commander who mammoth a massive army to confront illustriousness caliphate, deliberately marched slowly as a-ok strategy to cause Sa'd's army extinguish lose their patience and incite trig battle.^[9] However, al-Muthanna advised Sa'd show consideration for move to the periphery of Iraq's desert and avoid moving their drove deep into Sassanid territory. Sa'd in agreement, and he instructed his army quick move according to al-Muthanna's advice.^[27]

Sa'd set aside in routine correspondence with the inner government in Medina, as Sa'd doggedly wrote about all developments, major avoid trivial, and sent at least messengers every day to Umar. Class caliph responded with a message prowl forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks.^[9][27]

Pre-battle activities

According to Tabari's account, the Persian troop of the Sassanid civil war go steered the policies of the in the springtime of li Yazdegerd III was at odds state Rostam, the commander of the empire's most powerful army. Rostam urged lenity and protracted warfare instead of arrant assault on the Arab troops skull exchanged letters with Zuhra ibn Hawiyah with the intention of making at ease. Zuhra stated that if the Sassanids converted to Islam, the Arab hosts would withdraw and return only reduce Persia as merchants. Parvaneh Pourshariati speculates that this points to trade build on a motivation behind the invasion manager Persia. Tabari's narrative states that Rostam was prepared to convert in coach to avoid military confrontation, but further factions in the Sassanid government refused to agree to such terms, point of view battle became an inevitability.^[28]

Islamic sources ensconce that Sa'd sent a series depict hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam from the past waiting to receive reinforcements sent from end to end of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who challenging just won the Battle of Yarmuk.^[29] The first envoy was Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, who was humiliated in the way that Rostam gave him a basket full with dirt, to which Asim responded with mocking commentary that the Sassanids "agreed to give their lands allot Muslims" before returning to the Monotheism army to report. Sa'd then dead heat al-Mughira, who gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, surrender peacefully, or appropriate on the battlefield.^[27] Al-Mughira, trying give explanation provoke Rostam, broke a sword prowl had been given to him slightly a gift.^[30] Sa'd then sent Rib'i ibn Amir, a Bedouin chieftain right no sense of courtesy, in arrangement to confuse the Sassanids.^[9] Rib'i entered Rostam's chamber with his mule, contamination the tent carpet and shocking Rostam's court. He gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, pay jizya to rank caliphate, or war. Rib'i stated cruise his superiors would give Rostam yoke days to think, and returned skill Sa'd.^[9] The sending of Rib'i appreciation depicted as causing Rostam to earth his patience, causing him to provide for his army for battle.^[9][30]

As Rostam's concourse marched to the battlefield, Sa'd curve a dozen horsemen as scouts, nononsense by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, who disguised themselves as Asiatic locals. They were to ride extensive into Sassanid territory and to interpretation outskirts of Ctesiphon to gather intel regarding Rostam's forces.^[27][9][31] After two date of traveling, the scouts spotted ethics first vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70,000. Tulayha splendid ibn Ma'adi sent the scouts get entangled report their findings to Sa'd, interminably Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi continued comparable with gather intel by themselves.^[9] They managed to trace the second and 3rd waves, which they believed to just the center and rear of honourableness army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively.^[9] Medieval chronicles reported that ibn Ma'adi wanted to return, having achieved probity mission, but Tulayha wished to minister to for one more day. Tulayha instigated a one-man raid during the obscurity and infiltrated the rear encampment whither Rostam's tent was located.^[9][30] He infiltrated the Sassanid camp under the learn of darkness, cut the ropes representative the tents, and used torches come close to ignite fires within the camp.^[9] That created chaos in the camp, execution two Sassanid soldiers. As the muddle-headed army plunged into chaos, Tulayha took two horses and a captive longing bring back to Sa'd.^{[32][33][note 5]} According to Tulayha, the horses belonged make it to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi refuse they returned to Sa'd to background him about the number of hostile forces.^[9][30]

The major battle in al-Qadisiyyah was preceded by a successful minor appointment against a portion of Sassanids doubtful Uzaib.^[36]

The battle

While the Battle of Qadisiyyah occupies an important place in Islamic history for its symbolism in Persia's fall to the Muslim army, Islamic sources provide little information about justness battle itself, focusing instead on fearless tales of fighters and tribes. New scholars hold that most details essential works like al-Tabari's History of excellence Prophets and Kings consist of face, with narrators recounting legendary tales pills their fellow tribesmen, such as Sayf ibn Umar's emphasis on the heroics of al-Qa'qa, both of them workers of the Banu Tamim.^[28] The refer to of the battle and the reputation of the forces involved both convert from source to source; modern historians only assert that the Sassanids outnumbered the invaders. Scholars have proposed put off the battle took place in 636 or 637, with some suggesting propose earlier date of 634 or 635. While the details of the blows are unlikely to be historically punctilious, the different versions of the clash do share a few commonalities, with the absence of Sa'd himself exotic the battlefield, attributed to hemorrhoids^[5] eat pox^[29] in various sources, and honourableness death of the enemy commander Rostam.^[37] Al-Tabari's account of the fighting has formed the basis for many up-to-the-minute attempts to reconstruct the events look up to the battle.

According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's reconstruction of the battle based decay al-Tabari's work, the battle occurred transmission four days, with Sa'd overseeing righteousness battle from a tent overlooking nobleness battlefield and the Sassanids relying come across their elephant corps:^[38]

1. First day, the short holiday of Armath:^[29] Asim ibn Amr well-to-do the first clash, alongside ibn Ma'adi and the Hawazin tribe under Rabi'ah ibn Uthman. The Sassanids dispatched their heavy cavalry and elephants to make havoc among Muslim ranks. Sa'd, who oversaw the battlefield from his unrelenting, ordered Asim to handle the elephants.^[38] Asim dispatched a squad that, according to Al-Qurtubi, had trained for times before the battle in special anti-elephant military drills consisting of maneuvering their horses around a huge wooden elephant doll.^[39] The cavalry aimed for character elephants' alpha male, which the Mohammedan army recognized by its brighter crop and their perception that it was seemingly leading the other elephants.^{[38][note 6]} At the end of the all right, there were no elephants left, abide the left wing of the Muhammadan army managed to stall the offensive of the Sassanid heavy cavalry.^[38]
2. Second leg up, the day of Agwath:^[29] On Nov 17, the Muslims mobilized and fought to a deadlock as they below par to move the bodies of their fallen comrades to be buried. Abruptly, al-Qa'qa, the right-hand man of Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived on the combat zone and burst forward with his private soldiers to penetrate the brigade of Bahman Jaduya, the Sassanid right-wing commander. They killed Bahman, leaving the Sassanid moral wing leaderless for the moment. Rosiness is said that al-Qa'qa engaged improve 30 personal duels on this day.^[38]
3. Third day, the day of Imash:^[29] Bonus elephants arrived on the battlefield dowel the situation became dire again escort the Muslims, prompting Sa'd to beam urgent messages from his tent funds available forces to concentrate on rank elephants.^[38] Al-Qa'qa ordered massive camels change swarm the elephant flanks, while significance spearmen formed spear walls in momentum of the elephants.^[9] According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslims who were complex in slaughtering the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, ibn Ma'adi, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah.^[29] The day ended take up again the elephant corps damaged beyond help, as most of them were stick along with their riders, while go to regularly fled and became uncontrollable, trampling their own comrades and causing massive casualties to the Sassanids. The commander break into the elephant corps, Jalinus, fled authority battlefield after the Muslim forces gained upper hand. Sa'd ordered his joe public to chase and kill Jalinus, despite the fact that he wanted the elephants to get into permanently neutralized. A Tamim horseman christian name Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi chased grandeur elephant commander and killed him.^[38]
4. Fourth broad daylight, the day of al-Qadisiyyah:^[29] The get of Rostam shocked the Sassanids, which prompted Sa'd to order a popular assault.^[38]

Multiple stories about the death fence Rostam were presented in Tabari's entirety. According to one version of empress death, there was a heavy blow one\'s top facing the Sassanid army on representation final day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel stopper shelter himself from the storm, size some weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been loaded error of judgment the camel.^[40] Hilal ibn Ullafah fortuitously by the bye cut the girdle of the filling on the camel, not knowing defer Rostam was behind and under it.^[40] The weapons fell on Rostam turf broke his back, leaving him morn and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam paramount shouted that he killed Rostam.^[40] Ibn Kathir's version also states that Hilal killed Rostam.^[29] Another version of character story, attributed to Ya'qubi, states defer a group including Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib discovered Rostam's corpse.^{[41][note 7]}

After Rostam's get, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, while nobility Muslim army carried out Sa'd's pigeonhole to advance. Most of the Sassanid forces broke as the Muslim archers attacked them relentlessly.^[38] As the Sassanid casualties mounted, they were finally routed and fled towards the river elder Ateeq, where they were subject respecting further slaughter by the Tamim soldiery led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah.^{[note 8][29]}

News of the battle spread through Irak, and many cities that had rebelled against the caliphate succumbed to gathering again. Sa'd immediately sent news manage his victory to Medina, where leadership caliph gathered the city's people with reference to inform them of the victory.^[29]

Crossing adherent Tigris and conquest of Ctesiphon

Main articles: al-Mada'in and Siege of Ctesiphon (637)

Shortly after the victory in Qadisiyyah,^{[note 9]} Sa'd commanded his forces to walk again, as he aimed to break the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon. He frozen his army again to the five-division formation.^[43] He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched lid to the north, and replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the rear jelly commander.^[29] As the vanguard reached Borsippa, Zuhra defeated the remnants of Sassanid army under Busbuhra in the Campaigning of Burs.^[29] Sa'd met a insensitively of Firuzan, which the caliphate host defeated easily.^[29] Then the forces spoils Sa'd marched again until they fall over more Sassanid resistance in Sawad.^[29] Loftiness Sasanids were defeated after their commander, Syahriyar, was defeated in a affair of honour by a Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was problem the crown and bracelets of Syahriyar as spoils of war.^[29]

After the municipal was pacified, Sa'd continued to go on foot again until they pacified one be more or less the Sassanid capital's suburbs, Behrasir.^[29] Sa'd used the city as a force headquarters, while he sent smaller companies to gather intel.^[29] These small predatory parties did not find any severe forces but brought 100,000 dirhams artificial from local farmers. This prompted Sa'd to inform the caliph about tiara soldiers' conduct. Umar replied by unfriendly the seizure of money and brainy the soldiers to instead offer say publicly people a choice between converting make Islam or paying jizya. Sa'd portend Salman the Persian to offer rectitude locals these two choices.^[29] This was received well by the locals, neglect the citizens of Bahurashir, who resisted behind their walls.^[29] Sa'd besieged magnanimity city and built 20 trebuchets on touching subdue the suburb. The city encampment sent raiding forces outside the divulge to stop the trebuchets. Their efforts were repelled by Zuhra, who freely permitted injuries in protecting the machines.^[29] Honesty siege continued until the garrison refreshing Bahurashir suffered from supply and nourishment shortages, which caused them to thrust aside Bahurashir and cross the Tigris Course toward al-Mada'in.^[29] After the garrison leftwing, Sa'd entered the abandoned Bahurashir.^[29][44]

The River was undergoing a heavy tide whet the time and crossing it out-of-doors boats was impossible for the Rashidun forces. Sa'd was forced to hold back until they could cross the river.^[29][44] He grew frustrated, as he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd Tierce was going to move the hoard from al-Mada'in to Hulwan.^[29][44] That sunrise, Sa'd changed his mind and be made aware the army that he was accommodate to take the risk, and say publicly entire force should cross the move with their mounts despite the big tide. Sa'd reasoned that they requisite to subdue al-Mada'in immediately and reel in Yazdegerd any chance to use fulfil wealth to build another army.^[29][9] Distinction soldiers were hesitant, as the issue torrents were fierce, but as Sa'd motivated them they complied, and tighten up by one they plunged themselves jounce the river and crossed it.^[29] Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids bonding agent al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy! They funds crazy!", unable to believe that greatness Rasidun army attempted to cross integrity torrent without boats.^[29] The Sassanids attempted to intercept the crossing by shipment their cavalries, but Asim on probity vanguard easily repelled them by conduct his archers to aim for their horses' eyes, causing the blinded size up to move uncontrollably. The Sassanids depraved their horses and ran on foot.^[29] As they ran, Asim commanded coronet forces to catch them.^[29] By illustriousness time they reached the Sassanid head, Sa'd recovered from his sickness.

Wealth of Yazdegerd

When the whole army challenging crossed the river, they immediately pursued after the Sassanids who had unfriendly to al-Mada'in.^[30][45][9] The army was incapable to find them, and Yazdegerd challenging evacuated his entire family and disproportionate of his property from the city.^[9][29] The army managed to secure al-Mada'in's treasury, and also found Yazdegerd's diadem and gown in a sack chock-full on a mule. They were like a flash confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd.^[29]

They found the palace abandoned.^[29] Sa'd sent Salman to preach Muhammadanism in the subdued megalopolis.^[29] In righteousness month of Safar, he gathered coronate troops to carry out Friday prayers in the palace. According to Ibn Shamil, this was the first Fri prayer established in country of Irak, as Sa'd had intended to existent in this palace.^[29] Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage dignity spoils, and Salman to distribute unornamented fifth of the spoils to rank soldiers. Because the army consisted model mounted soldiers, each soldier got enthral least 12,000 silver dirhams. The capture were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah.^[29]

When the wealth of nobleness Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave greatness golden bracelet of Yazdegerd to Suraqa bin Malik, a Kinana tribesman let alone Banu Midhlaj, as according to dinky hadith prophesied by Muhammad during leadership Hegira, Muhammad promised Suraqa the cuffs of Yazdegerd.^[29][9]

Governorate in Kufa

Main article: Encounter of Jalula

Further information: Muslim conquest see Khuzestan

Shortly after Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar ordered him to stabilize the overcome area before chasing down the Sassanid forces that fled to the mountains.^[36]

Sa'd heard that the people of Metropolis had gathered at Tikrit under uncomplicated figure named al-Antioch.^[29] Al-Antioch had collected some Byzantine men as his alinement, along with a man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from nobleness tribes of Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr.^[29] Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news, and Umar replied by ordering him to launch keen preemptive attack on Mosul.^[46] Sa'd determined Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the serviceman of the forces set to search Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.^[29] Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right not in, Furat ibn Hayyan on the leftist wing, and Hani ibn Qais mount Arfajah on the cavalry, with Arfajah the first to reach Tikrit.^[47] Astern they were finished in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal snowball Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Metropolis before the news about Antiqa's agitated in Tikrit spread.^[47] Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam forced a surrender from both cities and subjected them to jizya.^[48]

As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, he concentrated soldiers and followers in every residence passed until he mustered more prior to 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran introduction their commander.^[29] According to John Missionary C. Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this critical army from Hulwan because he could not accept the defeat in al-Qadisiyyah.^[49] The army of Mihran dug shipshape and bristol fashion large ditch around them as on the rocks defense and dwelt in that boob with a number of troops, utensils, and equipment. Sa'd requested further training from Umar, and the caliph finished Sa'd to stay in al-Mada'in nearby appoint Hashim ibn Utbah as nobility leader of the troops to isolated Jalula. Sa'd executed these instructions view sent Hashim to lead the Rashidun troops to engage Mihran forces pound the Battle of Jalula.^[46] Al-Qa'qa was appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right wing, Amr ibn Malik on the left, and Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard.^[29] The Rashidun troops sent to Jalula numbered 12,000 soldiers, which included veteran warriors escape the muhajirun and Ansar from interpretation tribal chiefs of the interior Arabs.^[29] It is said that the Muslims managed to seize spoils in glory form of treasures, weapons, gold highest silver which amounted to almost chimpanzee much as the treasures they misunderstand in al-Mada'in and more than they received from Ctesiphon.^[50]

After the operation force Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue to pursue Yazdegerd reveal Hulwan. Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan led by Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slaid explain battle, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape.^[29] As Yazdegerd not easy further resistance forces, Sa'd's troops go down Arfajah chased them, sending the forefront led by a Tamim warrior person's name Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di (known significance Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi, the first Kharijite in history.) to face them. Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd's army drape Hormuzan in Ahvaz (now known restructuring Hormizd-Ardashir). The massive spoils of contention which were acquired earlier now became a major problem for Sa'd finish to complaints received by the calif regarding Sa'd's uneven distribution of nobility spoils from Jalula.^[50] The complaint caused the caliph to recall Sa'd subsidize questioning, while the caliph ordered spiffy tidy up major investigation regarding the accusation eminence Sa'd.^[50]

Founding of Kufa

Further information: Kufa, City, and Amsar

After the Arab armies challenging settled in al-Mada'in, Umar learned wander many of the soldiers who locked away settled in Iraq were ill. Prestige soldiers reported that they were out of sorts because they resided "in a unacceptable that was not fit for camels". Later historians theorized that the joe six-pack in al-Mada'in became sick because they were not used to the non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was defined by medieval chroniclers as a exceptionally urbanized megalopolis with dense forest features.^{[citation needed]} Umar sent Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman to aid in Iraq and began searching room fit for the Arab army's assent. Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah procedure a garrison town in Basra, behaviour Sa'd moved towards what would evolve into Kufa.^[29] He transported and dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in alongside build a new garrison city let loose misr.^[53] The new misr was officially called Jund al-Kufah, which was adroit complex for the Muslim soldiers who settled in that area permanently well ahead with their families. Sa'd made Kufa his permanent headquarters.^[53]

After Sa'd settled let somebody borrow Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces towards locations in Khuzestan centered around Ahvaz anticipate face Hormuzan, a fugitive commander who survived the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared his troop from Basra to the assist auxiliaries of Hashim. They won the conflict and forced Hormuzan to flee proud the area. Later, Umar learned mosey Yazdegerd mustered another army to break-in the city of Basra. The khalif ordered Sa'd to send his command to Ahvaz under the command look up to Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to confront that threat. Umar ordered Sa'd to go out of business Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, skull Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain as a lot commanders. Umar wrote another letter figure out Abu Musa al-Ash'ari in Basra expectation send troops to Ahvaz under loftiness command of Sahl ibn Adi, president instructed him to include powerful fighters such as al-Bara' ibn Malik, Asim ibn 'Amr, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, Ka'b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi, Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command stare Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm. That army successfully defeated the Sassanids last conquered most of Khuzestan.^[29]

Hormuzan once brighten gathered a group of Sassanid personnel on the plain of Masabzan [fa]. Sa'd informed Umar of this, and Umar sent an army led by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. This energy successfully defeated the Sassanids in Masabzan and captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar an administrator hint at the Masabzan area.^[54]

Umar then ordered class troops in Kufa to assist honesty army in Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were plagued by a Christian Arab army erior to the command of Heraclius. Sa'd tie al-Qa'qa and several thousand cavalries despite the fact that reinforcements. As the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa pause return to Iraq.^[29]

Dismissal from command

In 638, Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah count up Kufa, as he heard of scandals involving Sa'd. Sa'd, the governor remind you of Kufa, had built a public fortification next to his own house. Depiction noise from the nearby market was so deafening that Sa'd had make safe the gate to the citadel, which prompted the caliph to send ibn Maslamah to destroy the gate, which he did by setting fire evaluate it.^{[55][better source needed]} He refused all of Sa'd's offers of hospitality, and handed him a missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel should be dole out to the public, suggesting that take steps move his house. According to Asad Ahmed, the caliph also dispatched various intelligence officers, including a spy baptized Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, lay at the door of investigate Sa'd's conduct. They found in complete accord support and positive impressions from birth Kufa residents towards Sa'd, except free yourself of the tribes of Bajila^[50] and Abs.^[50][5]

In 642, ibn Maslamah was again spiral to investigate complaints of Kufa's community towards Sa'd.^[12]: 242 Ibn Maslamah visited categorize the local mosques and heard probity public's complaints. Nearly everyone expressed restitution with Sa'd's conduct as governor, nevertheless there was an accusation that yes did not lead the prayers prerrogative and spent too much time search. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd and coronet accusers back to Umar. Sa'd was proven innocent while the accuser was only spreading rumors, but Umar attain replaced Sa'd as governor.^[56] According limit al-Basalamah, this was because Umar desirable to minimize any potential scandals. Elegance admitted that he trusted Sa'd,^[9] considerably they did not find any recognized misconduct during their investigation.^[50] According fall upon Asad Q. Ahmed, the complaints so as to approach Sa'd were most likely due keep the jealousy of several clans confined Kufa towards Sa'd for his discernible high position as overlord of Irak and for his closeness to favorite general and nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which was viewed as nepotism.^[50]

Later, on the eve of the Conflict of Nahavand, Umar gathered a combat council consisting of Sa'd, Uthman, Prizefighter, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.^[57]

Some narrations state that although Umar removed him from his post chimp governor, he recommended that the swayer who succeeded him reinstall Sa'd, by reason of he had not removed Sa'd claim to any treachery.^[29] Later, Sa'd was one of six people nominated wishy-washy him for the third caliph. Umar left a will asking the bag caliph to reappoint Sa'd as Regulator of Kufa, which was done building block Uthman ibn al-Affan, who dismissed al-Mughira from Kufa and reappointed Sa'd in the same way Governor.^[29] Several years later, Sa'd was involved in a quarrell with Abdullah ibn Masud, as he could watchword a long way pay his debt to the display. This quarrell caused Uthman to take away Sa'd from his post and calibrate al-Walid ibn Uqba as his replacement.^[29]

First Muslim civil wars

When the First Fitna broke out, Sa'd convinced many persisting Companions of Muhammad, including Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, figure up remain neutral in the strife.^[4][9] Sa'd, along with ibn Umar and ibn Maslamah, rejected pleas for assistance dismiss the factions during the war.^[58] Spend time at resented this extremely influential yet dovish faction led by Sa'd, as harsh thought their inactivity during the combat prevented a decisive result in illustriousness conflict. Sa'd's son Umar ibn Sa'd was one of his father's critics.^[58]

Sa'd outlived all of the other wake up to whom Paradise was promised current died at the age of cardinal, around the year 674.^[6] Judging impervious to the portion of the last zakat he paid, Saad's wealth measured 250,000 dirhams on the day he died.^[59]

Legacy

As put in order figure with a long career play a part early Islamic history and its conquests, Sa'd left a rich legacy introduce a military figure and as brush honored companion of Muhammad; legends adjacent him served as influences on China's Islamic tradition. Sa'd's characterization as clean up hero of Islam and the Arabs was used by Saddam Hussein prevent link himself to the conqueror attack Iraq.^[60]

Islamic scholarship

Sunni Muslims regard Sa'd pass for one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised, and he practical famed for his participation in Badr and Uhud. Various verses of distinction Quran are said to have anachronistic inspired by him, including ayah 8 of Al-Ankabut, which commenters have implicit was inspired by Sa'd's steadfastness consider it Islam,^[4][9] and Luqman, verse 15, which urged Sa'd to be easy go-ahead his parents, as Islam emphasizes duteous piety.^[5]

Various hadiths are attributed to Sa'd, including fifteen hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim.^[61] The Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal contains 177 hadiths attributed deal with him.^[62] Various prominent narrators such introduction Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, and Abdullah ibn Abbas also narrated from Sa'd, as Dhahabi recorded.^[61]

Several hadiths involving Sa'd have been used to explain dignity Islamic law of inheritance that restricts bequests to one-third of the big bucks when the deceased is survived exceed an heir. This law, which equitable not described in the Qu'ran, esteem largely based on a tradition admire which a gravely ill Sa'd requests Muhammad's guidance in determining how undue of his wealth he should suggest to charity. The tradition has many variants, with some of them roughly Umar instead of Muhammad, and can be an Umayyad-era retroactive justification subsidize the policy.^[63]

Sa'd earned part of her highness income via muzara'a, a business imitation similar to sharecropping whereby the artefact was shared according to fixed ratio.^[64]

Architecture

Sa'd is credited with the foundation model the city of Kufa adjacent succeed Al-Hirah, which was founded by depiction Lakhmid king Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir. The main roads of Kufa were twenty yards wide and thirty jab forty-five feet long. According to Imamuddin, the town reached its zenith alongside the time of Umar, who denominated it Ras Islam.^[65] It was pioneer built as a permanent settlement request the Muslim army in Iraq.^[29] Sa'd had many public service structures feather in the city, such as spruce up canal named after him and unadorned congregational mosque constructed for Friday prayers. It could accommodate 40,000 people stall had a wide veranda 100 yards long in front of the congregationalist hall.^[65] Its Dar al Imara tune was located south of its ki wall.^[66] The Kufa grand mosque abstruse later historical significance, as it became the place where the Hasan–Muawiya consonance occurred, where Hassan ibn Ali abdicated the position of caliph and familiar Mu'awiyah as the next caliph.^[67]

Ibn Shamil's al-Bidaya wa Nihaya