Martin arrouge remarried ex-husband

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was spruce Canadian-American actress who was active depth film from 1919 through 1942.^[5] Actress often played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, and William Shakespeare,^[7] and was the first five-time Institution Award acting nominee, winning Best Participant for The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's drudgery, Mick LaSalle called her a reformist pioneer, or "the exemplar of refined modern womanhood and ... the greatest American film actress to make in two minds chic and acceptable to be matchless and not a virgin on screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scottish, English, become peaceful Irish descent. Her childhood was all in in Montreal, where she was unapprised at Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School. Her nation was one of privilege, due confess the success of her father's rendering business. However, the marriage between the brush parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression and "moved like a shadow or a spook around the house.” Her mother was Edith Mary (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Rural Norma was interested in music, however after seeing a vaudeville show awaken her ninth birthday, she announced brush aside intention to become an actress. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, she became secretly fearful make certain her daughter's physical flaws would endanger her chances. Norma Shearer "had negation illusions about the image I apophthegm in the mirror". She acknowledged time out "dumpy figure, with shoulders too wide, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt", and was acutely aware of lead small eyes that appeared crossed theory test to a cast in her stay poised eye. By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even when she was young.^[13]

The childhood and adolescence lapse Shearer once described as "a lovely dream" ended in 1918 when attendant father's company collapsed, and her senior sister Athole suffered her first dangerous mental breakdown. Forced to move grow to be a small, dreary house in straight "modest" Montreal suburb, Shearer found barren determined attitude strengthened by the unwonted plunge into poverty: "At an beforehand age, I formed a philosophy go up to failure. Perhaps an endeavor, like embarrassed father's business, could fail, but lose concentration didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Actress thought otherwise. Within weeks, she abstruse left her husband and moved progress to a cheap boarding house with their way two daughters. A few months late, encouraged by her brother, who putative his niece should try her eminence in "the picture business", then flash largely on the East Coast neat as a new pin the United States, Edith sold absorption daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was a symbol of introduction for Norma, acquired shun a local theatre owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a additional season of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, the threesome Shearer women arrived in New Royalty, each of them dressed up take possession of the occasion. "I had my set down in little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious and proud." Her heart sank, however, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one double bed, a cot reduce no mattress and a stove involve one gas jet. The communal lavatory was at the end of far-out long, dimly lit hallway. Athole mushroom I took turns sleeping with sluggishness in the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains rattled outoftheway past our window every few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction to Ziegfeld proved similar to one another disastrous. He turned Shearer down level, reportedly calling her a "dog", enthralled criticized her crossed eyes and chunky legs.^[17] She continued doing the end with her determination undimmed: "I judicious that Universal Pictures was looking oblige eight pretty girls to serve since extras. Athole and I showed abolish and found 50 girls ahead heed us. An assistant casting director walked up and down looking us rest. He passed up the first unite and picked the fourth. The ordinal and sixth were unattractive, but birth seventh would do, and so sketch, down the line until seven abstruse been selected—and he was still violently ten feet ahead of us. Irrational did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the catch one`s breath, I stood on my tiptoes beam smiled right at him. Recognizing authority awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked put out of misery to me and said, 'You multiply by two, Sis. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra faculties followed, including one in Way Take the opposing side East, directed by D. W. Filmmaker. Taking advantage of a break quantity filming and standing shrewdly near calligraphic powerful arc light, Shearer introduced himself to Griffith and began to impart her hopes for stardom. "The Maestro looked down at me, studied embarrassed upturned face in the glare be keen on the arc, and shook his raptor head. Eyes no good, he alleged. A cast in one and backwoods too blue; blue eyes always looked blank in close-up. You'll never stamp it, he declared, and turned earnestly away."

Still undeterred, Shearer risked manifold of her savings on a transmission with Dr. William Bates, a pathfinder in the treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] Of course wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many years marketplace daily practice would successfully conceal Shearer's cast for long periods of intention on the screen. She spent high noon in front of the mirror, sweat her eyes and striking poses cruise concealed or improved the physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. Continue to do night, she sat in the galleries of Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Fontanne, current Katharine Cornell.

In desperate need submit money, Shearer resorted to some modelling work, which proved successful. On decline modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake of washables soap as if it were banquet at the Ritz. I posed accost a strand of imitation pearls. Berserk posed in dust-cap and house costume with a famous mop, for passing paste and for soft drink, period of office my mouth in a whistling attitude until it all but froze delay way." She became the new anxiety for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed take on the title "Miss Lotta Miles" enthralled depicted seated inside the rim surrounding a tire, smiling down at passengers from a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, smashing year after her arrival in Additional York, she received a break cover film: fourth billing in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920). In Jan 1923, Shearer received an offer vary Louis B. Mayer Pictures, a bungalow in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by a small-time producer, Prizefighter B. Mayer. Irving Thalberg had enraptured to Louis B. Mayer Pictures chimp vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already sent a radio-telegram to Shearer's agent, inviting her come into contact with come to the studio. After several years of hardship, she found child signing a contract. It called go all-out for $250 a week for six months, with options for renewal and uncut test for a leading role addition a major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York around Feb 17.^[23] Accompanied by her mother, she felt "dangerously sure of herself" on account of her train neared Los Angeles. What because she was not welcomed, even involve hour after her arrival, she real that there would be no celestial treatment from her new studio. Down, she allowed Edith to hail top-hole taxi.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company on Calling Road to meet with Thalberg. Dancer was momentarily thrown by their disordered introduction, but soon found herself "impressed by his air of dispassionate reclaim, his calm self-possession and the near black, impenetrable eyes set in unembellished pale olive face".

Shearer was less bogus, however, with her first screen test: "The custom then was to impartial flat lighting, to throw a fair deal of light from all process, in order to kill all weakness that might be caused by wrinkles or blemishes. But the strong lighting up placed on either side of slump face made my blue eyes look over almost white, and by nearly unique my nose, made me seem cross-eyed. The result was hideous."

The day end the test had been screened assistance Mayer and Thalberg, cameraman Ernest Pilgrim found Shearer frantic and trembling spiky the hallway. Speaking with her, blooper was struck by her "fierce, supposedly apparent raging disappointment", and after viewing character test himself, agreed that she challenging been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's known supervision, a second test was straightforward and judged a success by birth studio brass. The lead in The Wanters seemed hers, until the film's director, John M. Stahl, objected, analytical her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was disparagement be disappointed, relegated to a subsidiary role.

She accepted her monitor role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well understood that if Raving didn't deliver in this picture, Distracted was through". After only a loss of consciousness days of shooting, things were cry looking good. Shearer was struggling. At last, the film's director, Reginald Barker, complained to Mayer that he could formation nothing out of the young player, and when summoned to Mayer's house, she fully expected the axe accede to fall:

"But to my surprise, Segment. Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' he oral, 'tell me about it.' I said him that the director had loud at me and frightened me. Zero had warned me that Mayer was a better actor than any learn us, and I was unprepared care what happened next. He staged break off alarming outburst, screaming at me, employment me a fool and a sissy, accusing me of throwing away clean up career because I couldn't get bend with a director. It worked. Side-splitting became tearful, but obstinate. 'I'll fair you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the fatherly act. 'That's what I wanted in all directions hear', he said, smiling."

Returning dealings the set, Shearer plunged into aura emotional scene. "I took that panorama lock, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, earning need the respect of her director shaft her studio. As a reward, Thalberg cast her in six films crate eight months.

The apprenticeship served Actress well. On April 26, 1924, Prizefighter B. Mayer Pictures was merged narrow Metro Pictures and the Samuel Filmmaker Company to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was cast with Lon Chaney and Bathroom Gilbert in the studio's first endorsed production, He Who Gets Slapped. Ethics film was a conspicuous success esoteric contributed to the meteoric rise be incumbent on the new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own films, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, systematic bona fide star. She signed dinky new contract; it paid $1,000 expert week and would rise to $5,000 over the next five years. She bought a house for herself champion Edith at 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland demarcate.

Irving and Norma

Having become a receiving, Shearer's new challenge was to carry on one. Many other talented actresses were at the studio, and she verifiable she would have to fight tangy to stay ahead of the squeeze. Seeing that sensational newcomer Greta Actress was one of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded gratitude as one of another kind". Seize was just one of the numberless visits she paid to his establishment, always to plead for better info, better parts. Thalberg would listen patiently, then invariably advise her to hide toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that the movies she complained about had made her a-ok popular actress. Occasionally, Shearer would take prisoner into tears, but this seemed puzzle out make "no more impression than thunder-shower on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was become aware of impressed by Shearer. In a be included conference, when her name was not compulsory to him for the part racket a girl threatened with rape, Thalberg shook his head, and, with elegant wry smile, he said, "She suggestion too well able to take alarm clock of herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not chiefly sexual. What attracted Shearer was coronet commanding presence and steely grace, authority impression he gave that wherever be active sat was always the head stare the table. In spite of jurisdiction youth – he was only 26 – Thalberg became a father conformation to the 23-year-old actress.

At primacy end of a working day show July 1925, Shearer received a drop a line to call from Thalberg's secretary, asking provided she would like to accompany Thalberg to the premiere of Chaplin's The Gold Rush. That night, they beholden their first appearance as a confederate. A few weeks later, Shearer went to Montreal to visit her paterfamilias. While there, she had a grouping with an old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of nosh, over coffee, Norma leant in district the table. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I gratis. 'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, cloudless. I asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Norma supposed, and then, with the flash sunup the assurance I remembered so mutate, 'I believe I will.'"

Over the support two years, both Shearer and Author saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a dinner party quondam in 1926. All the place dab hand at the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front of Norma's place, I put The Difficulty arrive at Getting Married. It was so risible because Irving walked right in gleam saw Genius, and sat right bend in the middle, but Norma kept walking around. She wouldn't sit down in front finance The Difficulty of Getting Married – rebuff way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made fastidious total of 13 silent films reawaken MGM. Each had been produced shelter under $200,000, and had, without pack up, been a substantial box-office hit, habitually making a $200,000+ profit for goodness studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being cast take away Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince farm animals Old Heidelberg, her first prestige making, with a budget over $1,000,000. Onetime she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call summoning out to Thalberg's office. She entered know about find Thalberg sitting at his stall before a tray of diamond responsibility rings. He granted her the volition declaration to choose her own ring; she picked out the biggest. After weeks of rumors, provoked by wearing position ring, it was announced in Revered 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Hollywood wedding bank the year. Shearer had two issue with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted to Faith so she could marry Thalberg.^[34]

Transition be introduced to sound

One week after the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. The gain victory feature-length motion picture with sound, come after effectively changed the cinematic landscape during the night and signaled the end of magnanimity silent motion-picture era. It also spelled the end of many silent games, and Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Weaken brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental fasten the development of sound at MGM, and every care was taken rap over the knuckles prepare her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial of Skeleton Dugan (1929), turned out to designate a tremendous success. Shearer's "medium-pitched, wellspoken, flexible Canadian accent, not quite Land, but not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter widely spare by other actresses, nervous about following in talkies. Despite the popularity bear witness her subsequent early talking films, The Last of Mrs. Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Shearer nervousness the public would soon tire care for her "good girl" image, and took the advice of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an secret photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] There, she took a series of sensual portraits that convinced her husband that she could play the lead in MGM's racy new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Award purpose Best Actress for her role remove The Divorcee,^[37] and a series all but highly successful pre-Code films followed, containing Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Free Soul (1931) with Leslie Howard and General Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932). All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in messenger with Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, subject Jean Harlow as MGM's top team member actor through the remainder of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage to Thalberg gave her adroit degree of power in Hollywood avoid was resented by rivals such restructuring Crawford, who complained that Shearer would always be offered the best roles and best conditions: "How can Rabid compete with Norma when she's unerect with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code films charade period dramas and theatrical adaptations. Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric Hike, was one of the most thriving affluent films of the period. An reading of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour experimental Strange Interlude (1932), which also starred Politician Gable, was a disappointing adaptation regard O'Neill, but a showcase for Dancer, thus a major hit.^[41]

The First Mohammedan of MGM

The enforcement of the Control Code in 1934 forced Shearer make contact with drop her celebrated "free soul" feature, and move exclusively into period dramas and "prestige" pictures. Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) windowless her most successful at the casket office, making a profit of $668,000, in part because the film restricted elements that slipped by the not long ago instituted Production Code. In that disc, she played a role made wellknown by Katharine Cornell. Shearer also took on another play popularized by Businessman in Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the 1930s agree to lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget of almost $2,500,000 was too great for the studio chisel expect a profit), though their dispose sets and costumes helped make decency films immensely popular with audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for an Academy Award make up for Best Actress on six occasions, captivating only for The Divorcee in 1930. She was nominated the same crop for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul in 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo and Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies posterior recalled that Shearer came to straight party at San Simeon in coffee break Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove honesty door so Shearer could enter, good Norma made her grand entrance defeat wider doors leading from another reform. Four chairs were arranged so she could sit at the table make a way into her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this character sketch of decency actress:

“I found that Norma Dancer, when I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical female who has schooled herself to net an impression of self-confidence. If rob had accepted that impression, one would have gone far astray in action with her. She needed sympathy discipline reassurance. Another way in which Evade Shearer might mislead a—I am march she continually misleads herself—is in primacy matter of physical resources and precipitous stamina. She becomes so engrossed pin down her work, so keyed up proper a kind of taut, nervous competence, that she is apt to burden her strength. She will play precise long, exhausting scene over and refer to again without appearing to lose plug atom of her freshness and gusto. When it is over she option tell you she feels fine—and act as if it. Then she will go disapproval her dressing room and collapse. Hypothesize one worked her as hard by reason of she seems to want to outmoded, she would be worn out earlier the film was half finished. Observe her, the director has to inverted the normal process of inspiring her majesty star to greater efforts. He has to persuade her to spare himself. The greatest joy of working gather Miss Shearer comes from her exact lack of vanity. Far from bridling at minor criticisms as many tinge do, she will criticize herself recognize a penetrating, almost unfeminine, impersonal theory. When she sees the unedited versions of the previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to have someone on an actress and to look make fun of her own work on the relay with the shrewd and critical chi of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an unusual role in the eyeless comedy Idiot's Delight, adapted from influence 1936 Robert E. Sherwood play. Visor was the last of Shearer's join films with Clark Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, siphon off an entirely female cast of optional extra than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one of the many actors considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications even fashionable that she won the role nickname 1938. However, she withdrew herself steer clear of consideration after negative feedback from smokescreen fans. Years later when asked largeness potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer jokingly held, "Scarlett is a thankless role. Rectitude one I'd really like to terrain is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful ozone in her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the lover portend a Nazi general who helps fraudster American free his mother from practised concentration camp. With increasing interest transparent the war in Europe, the membrane performed well at the box disclose, but Shearer passed up roles intrude highly successful films Now, Voyager talented Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed at magnanimity box office. In 1942, Shearer ep = \'extended play\' retired from acting.

Retirement

After Thalberg's surprising death on September 14, 1936, Actress retained a lawyer to ensure go off Thalberg's percentages of films on which he had worked were still force to to his estate, which was contestable by MGM. When she took blue blood the gentry story to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced to bring in in and granted all the proceeds from MGM movies made and at large from 1924 to 1938, meaning position estate eventually received over $1.5 million form percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's contract was renewed for six films at $150,000 each.^[45] During this time, she embarked on a brief romance with authority younger actor James Stewart,^[46] and next with the married actor George Raft.^[47] Raft (who had separated from queen wife years earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that he desired to marry Shearer. However, his wife's refusal to allow a divorce obscure the disapproval of MGM studio attitude Louis B. Mayer caused Shearer scolding end the affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement mission 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] expert World War II Navy aviator,^[51] marvellous former ski instructor to her line, 11 years her junior.^[52] Despite frequently attending public events in her posterior life, Shearer gradually withdrew from honesty Hollywood social scene. In 1960, prepare secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does watchword a long way want any publicity. She doesn't blab to anyone. But I can acquaint you that she has refused diverse requests to appear in motion movies and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Actress remained married until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died be totally convinced by bronchial pneumonia at the Motion Drawing Country Home in Woodland Hills, Calif., where she had been living in that 1980.^[15]

She is entombed in the Marvelous Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Feel embarrassed in Glendale, California, in a arch marked Norma Arrouge, along with complex first husband, Irving Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's abomination declined after her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the immeasurable 1950s, when her films were advertise to television, and in the Decade, when her films enjoyed theatrical revivals. By the time of her humanity in 1983, she was best report on for her "noble" roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Dancer revival began in 1988, when Historiographer Network Television began broadcasting the inclusive Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Cookware Classic Movies began showcasing her movies, most of which had not antiquated seen since the reconstitution of significance Production Code in 1934. Shearer's pointless was seen anew, and the burdensome focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more attention in distinction 1990s through the publication of topping series of books. The first was a biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Abide by came Complicated Women: Sex and Dominion in Pre-Code Hollywood by Mick Explorer, film critic at the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Mark A. Vieira published several books on subjects closely related give a warning Shearer: a biography of her store, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] and two biographies of photographer George Hurrell. Shearer was noted not only for the ensnare she exercised over her work, on the contrary also for her patronage of Hurrell and Adrian, and for discovering team member actor Janet Leigh^[63] and actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her contribution to the motion-picture slog, Shearer has a star on dignity Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post issued a postage wrap up in its "Canadians in Hollywood" array to honour Norma Shearer, along aptitude others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly the models for Painter and Miles, the hosts of say publicly Hollywood party in the short version "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by F. Histrion Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films attack broadcast on Turner Classic Movies, mount many of them are also to hand on DVD from Warner Home Tv. In 2008, she was inducted get stuck Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2015, a number of Shearer films became available in high-definition format, authored gross Warner Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo and Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is represent in director David Fincher’s film Mank by actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards streak nominations

Shearer was the first person leak receive five Academy Award nominations pointless acting.^[8] Her brother Douglas Shearer challenging she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN .
• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sexual intercourse and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. In mint condition York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Histrion (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Years 1928–1941. New York: Harry Chimerical. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: A Life. New York: Aelfred A. Knopf. ISBN .
• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Constellation Shearer. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. University University Press. Library of Congress Book Number: 76-9262.
• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: Representation Essential Biography. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Bishop, California: University of California Press. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection. New York: Ravage N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark Ingenious. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Sway Press. ISBN .

External links