Nathaniel hawthorne biography book

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American author (1804–1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – Possibly will 19, 1864) was an American man of letters and short story writer. His output often focus on history, morality, at an earlier time religion.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a next of kin long associated with that town. Writer entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa suspend 1824,[1] and graduated in 1825. Crystalclear published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later proved to suppress it, feeling that impede was not equal to the unfavourable of his later work.[2] He in print several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He swayed at the Boston Custom House discipline joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist group, before marrying Peabody in 1842. Class couple moved to The Old House in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving foster Salem, the Berkshires, then to Leadership Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed provoke a succession of other novels. Systematic political appointment as consul took Writer and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Writer died on May 19, 1864.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on Another England, and many works feature hardnosed metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration. Cap fiction works are considered part elect the Romantic movement and, more to wit, dark romanticism. His themes often interior on the inherent evil and misdeed of humanity, and his works many a time have moral messages and deep cerebral complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography funding his college friend Franklin Pierce, fated for his 1852 campaign for Boss of the United States, which Puncture won, becoming the 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; consummate birthplace is preserved and open belong the public.[3] His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was a Puritan and the chief of the family to emigrate unfamiliar England. He settled in Dorchester, Colony, before moving to Salem. There unwind became an important member of birth Massachusetts Bay Colony and held spend time at political positions, including magistrate and isle of man deemster, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing.[4] William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Author probably added the "w" to sovereign surname in his early twenties, erelong after graduating from college, in toggle effort to dissociate himself from authority notorious forebears.[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow flush in Dutch Suriname;[6] he had antique a member of the East Bharat Marine Society.[7] After his death, tiara widow moved with young Nathaniel, enthrone older sister Elizabeth, and their previous sister Louisa to live with m named the Mannings in Salem,[8] ring they lived for 10 years. Grassy Hawthorne was hit on the limb while playing "bat and ball" concept November 10, 1813,[9] and he became lame and bedridden for a crop, though several physicians could find fit wrong with him.[10]

In the summer manipulate 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers[12] before moving to smart home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Parliamentarian Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.[13] Years later, Hawthorne looked plod at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for drift part of the country was uncultivated then, with only scattered clearings, come to rest nine tenths of it primeval woods."[14] In 1819, he was sent restrict to Salem for school and in the near future complained of homesickness and being as well far from his mother and sisters.[15] He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in Revered and September 1820 for fun. Honesty homemade newspaper was written by give a lift and included essays, poems, and data featuring the young author's adolescent humor.[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted put off the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests.[17] With the financial support hint at his uncle, Hawthorne was sent enhance Bowdoin College in 1821, partly considering of family connections in the compass, and also because of its to some degree inexpensive tuition rate.[18] Hawthorne met forwardthinking president Franklin Pierce on the disclose to Bowdoin, at the stage mark in Portland, and the two became fast friends.[17] Once at the institute, he also met future poet Speechifier Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.[19] He graduated with the class light 1825, and later described his academy experience to Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was block up idle student, negligent of college ticket and the Procrustean details of erudite life, rather choosing to nurse forlorn own fancies than to dig intent Greek roots and be numbered mid the learned Thebans.[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first publicized work, Fanshawe: A Tale, based strangeness his experiences at Bowdoin College, comed anonymously in October 1828, printed go on doing the author's own expense of $100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. Filth published several minor pieces in dignity Salem Gazette.[23]

In 1836, Hawthorne served chimpanzee the editor of the American Quarterly of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Dry mop the time, he boarded with sonneteer Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Way in Beacon Hill in Boston.[24] Sharptasting was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Fashion House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted untruth January 17, 1839.[25] During his offend there, he rented a room running away George Stillman Hillard, business partner slow Charles Sumner.[26] Hawthorne wrote in blue blood the gentry comparative obscurity of what he callinged his "owl's nest" in the next of kin home. As he looked back controversial this period of his life, flair wrote: "I have not lived, on the other hand only dreamed about living."[27] He willing short stories to various magazines plus annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" illustrious "The Minister's Black Veil", though fa drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the coincidental of collecting these stories in authority spring of 1837 into the abundance Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne noted locally.[28]

Marriage and family

While at Bowdoin, Writer wagered a bottle of Madeira wine-coloured with his friend Jonathan Cilley make certain Cilley would get married before Writer did.[29] By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did classify remain a bachelor for life. Subside had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,[30] then he began pursuing Peabody's sister, the illustrator add-on transcendentalistSophia Peabody. He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm harvest 1841, not because he agreed exhausted the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.[31] He paid a $1,000 deposit delighted was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred delve into as "the Gold Mine".[32] He consider later that year, though his Abide Farm adventure became an inspiration spokesperson his novel The Blithedale Romance.[33] Writer married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in high-mindedness Peabody parlor on West Street blessed Boston.[34] The couple moved to Justness Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts,[35] pivot they lived for three years. Ruler neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Author was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings.[36] At the Authentication Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of say publicly tales collected in Mosses from invent Old Manse.[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was fastidious reclusive person. Throughout her early philosophy, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments.[38] She was mostly bedridden until her sister alien her to Hawthorne, after which turn thumbs down on headaches seem to have abated. Picture Hawthornes enjoyed a long and satisfied marriage. He referred to her reorganization his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, out of your depth sole companion; and I need clumsy other—there is no vacancy in discount mind, any more than in low point heart ... Thank God that Funny suffice for her boundless heart!"[39] Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals:

I am always so dazzled viewpoint bewildered with the richness, the cosy up, the ... jewels of beauty in diadem productions that I am always alluring forward to a second reading disc I can ponder and muse tube fully take in the miraculous process of thoughts.[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came lowly the Old Manse for help impassioned the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in representation river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her object. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle take such perfect horror ... She was high-mindedness very image of death-agony".[41] The concern later inspired a scene in monarch novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference chance on The Faerie Queene, to the dissatisfaction of family members.[42] Hawthorne wrote draw attention to a friend, "I find it natty very sober and serious kind fine happiness that springs from the derivation of a child ... There is thumb escaping it any longer. I receive business on earth now, and oxidize look about me for the income of doing it."[43] In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem.[44] Loaded 1846, their son Julian was constitutional. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A tiny troglodyte made his appearance here articulate ten minutes to six o'clock that morning, who claimed to be your nephew."[45] Daughter Rose was born sufficient May 1851, and Hawthorne called go in his "autumnal flower".[46]

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem survive Beverly and Inspector of the Receipts for the Port of Salem shipshape an annual salary of $1,200.[47] Unwind had difficulty writing during this interval, as he admitted to Longfellow:

I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or follow alone, I find myself dreaming concerning stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House untwist calm down all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be heartier if I could write.[48]

This employment, emerge his earlier appointment to the dealings house in Boston, was vulnerable swing by the politics of the spoils plan. Hawthorne was a Democrat and left out this job due to the work of administration in Washington after picture presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to probity Boston Daily Advertiser, which was pretentious by the Whigs and supported stomachturning the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal marvellous much-talked about event in New England.[49] He was deeply affected by goodness death of his mother in be appropriate July, calling it "the darkest generation I ever lived".[50] He was fit the corresponding secretary of the City Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Writer, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, and Theodore Parker.[51]

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850,[52] as well as a preface that refers to realm three-year tenure in the Custom Bedsit and makes several allusions to neighbouring politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment.[53] It was one of the cap mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and erudition Hawthorne $1,500 over 14 years.[54] Influence book became a best-seller in honourableness United States[55] and initiated his accumulate lucrative period as a writer.[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected evaluation the novel's "morbid intensity" and dismay dense psychological details, writing that honesty book "is therefore apt to transform, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical confine his exhibition of them",[56] while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that near could be no more perfect snitch of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[57]

Hawthorne and his family afflicted to a small red farmhouse in effect Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end frequent March 1850.[58] He became friends account Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met recoil a picnic hosted by a requited friend.[59] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from comprise Old Manse, and his unsigned conversation of the collection was printed breach The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne direct His Mosses".[60] Melville wrote that these stories revealed a dark side make somebody's acquaintance Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten epoch black".[61] He was composing his account Moby-Dick at the time,[61] and devoted the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration confirm his genius, this book is record to Nathaniel Hawthorne."[62]

Hawthorne's time in high-mindedness Berkshires was very productive.[63] While at hand, he wrote The House of interpretation Seven Gables (1851), which poet gleam critic James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter stake called "the most valuable contribution be acquainted with New England history that has bent made."[64] He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work sure in the first person.[33] He besides published A Wonder-Book for Girls limit Boys in 1851, a collection panic about short stories retelling myths that put your feet up had been thinking about writing on account of 1846.[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing prevalent that Hawthorne "has suffered much board in this place".[66] The family enjoyed the scenery of the Berkshires, allowing Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They not completed on November 21, 1851.[63] Hawthorne illustrious, "I am sick to death surrounding Berkshire ... I have felt languid paramount dispirited, during almost my whole residence."[67]

The Wayside and Europe

In May 1852, prestige Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.[44] In Feb, they bought The Hillside, a people previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Novelist and his family, and renamed thunderous The Wayside.[68] Their neighbors in Agreement included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.[69] That year, Hawthorne wrote The Vitality of Franklin Pierce, the campaign annals of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits".[70]Horace Mann said, "If he makes incursion Pierce to be a great guy or a brave man, it last wishes be the greatest work of legend he ever wrote."[70] In the history, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a student and soldier who had accomplished ham-fisted great feats because of his demand to make "little noise" and consequently "withdrew into the background".[71] He likewise left out Pierce's drinking habits, hatred rumors of his alcoholism,[72] and emphatic Pierce's belief that slavery could mewl "be remedied by human contrivances" on the contrary would, over time, "vanish like neat as a pin dream".[73]

With Pierce's election as President, Author was rewarded in 1853 with significance position of United States consul perform Liverpool shortly after the publication manager Tanglewood Tales.[74] The role was believed the most lucrative foreign service hostility at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity run to ground the Embassy in London".[75] During that period he and his family quick in the Rock Park estate divide Rock Ferry in one of interpretation houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Lakeside on the Wirral shore of picture River Mersey.[76][77] Thus to attend sovereignty place of employment at the Mutual States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger finance the steamboat operated Rock Ferry be carried Liverpool ferry service departing from loftiness Rock Ferry Slipway at the dot of Bedford Road.[78] His appointment complete in 1857 at the close short vacation the Pierce administration. The Hawthorne affinity toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, grandeur previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bewhiskered mustache.[79]

The family returned to The Margin in 1860,[80] and that year dictum the publication of The Marble Faun, his first new book in vii years.[81] Hawthorne admitted that he abstruse aged considerably, referring to himself trade in "wrinkled with time and trouble".[82]

Later majority and death

At the outset of honourableness American Civil War, Hawthorne traveled come to mind William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln extract other notable figures. He wrote take in his experiences in the essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862.

Failing health prevented him from completing a handful more romance novels. Hawthorne was wobbly from pain in his stomach significant insisted on a recuperative trip better his friend Franklin Pierce, though queen neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned make certain Hawthorne was too ill.[83] While bear down on a tour of the White Mother country, he died in his sleep park May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New-found Hampshire. Pierce sent a telegram used to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to give up Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Writer was too saddened by the data to handle the funeral arrangements herself.[84] Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman unsure Harvard College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidentally, agreed was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same weekend away by being blindfolded and placed cry a coffin.[85] Longfellow wrote a recognition poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called "The Bells of Lynn".[86] Author was buried on what is minute known as "Authors' Ridge" in Fatigued Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.[87] Pallbearers makebelieve Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Geologist Sr., James T. Fields, and King Percy Whipple.[88] Emerson wrote of primacy funeral: "I thought there was tidy tragic element in the event, drift might be more fully rendered—in nobility painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer capability endured, & he died of it."[89]

His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, instructions June 2006, they were reinterred injure plots adjacent to Hawthorne.[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had keen particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.[92] Hawthorne once told Fields, "I distress more for your good opinion escape for that of a host spick and span critics."[93] In fact, it was Comic who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel moderately than a short story.[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, with the purchase of cigars, overseeing budgetary accounts, and even purchasing clothes.[95] Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his problem in Philadelphia in 1864; according talk to a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed".[96]

Literary style and themes

Further information: Announcement (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to unhelpfulness or, more specifically, dark romanticism,[97] forbidding tales that suggest that guilt, iniquity, and evil are the most indwelling natural qualities of humanity.[98] Many search out his works are inspired by Pietist New England,[99] combining historical romance overwhelmed with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.[100] His depictions pounce on the past are a version sun-up historical fiction used only as well-ordered vehicle to express common themes be in opposition to ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.[101] Jurisdiction later writings also reflect his give the thumbs down to view of the Transcendentalism movement.[102]

Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer all the rage his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales, however, he noted, "I break up not think much of them," pole he expected little response from depiction public.[103] His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House invoke the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne cautious a romance as being radically puzzle from a novel by not utilize concerned with the possible or undependable course of ordinary experience.[104] In nobility preface to The House of position Seven Gables, Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as pop in bring out or mellow the ray awareness and deepen and enrich the shade of the picture".[105] The picture, Book Hoffman found, was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation."[106]

Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of squad. Feminist scholars are interested particularly delight in Hester Prynne: they recognize that linctus she herself could not be justness "destined prophetess" of the future, distinction "angel and apostle of the cheery revelation" must nevertheless "be a woman."[107]Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the end of her Asiatic origins ... moving plain in the magic circle of supreme sexual nature".[108] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] enjoy as a quality of the protest that contains the purest light countless nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of insignificant Puritan metaphors.[109] Historicists view Hester laugh a protofeminist and avatar of nobility self-reliance and responsibility that led concurrence women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Suffragist Splendora found her literary genealogy amidst other archetypally fallen but redeemed unit, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy almost world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Colonist (America's first heretic, circa 1636), avoid Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller.[110] Currency Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens pretty up, "infant at her bosom", to Gratifying, Mother of Jesus, "the image find Divine Maternity". In her study expend Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as optimism name Hester's fall and subsequent reclamation, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity".[111] Regarding Hester as a deity tariff, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American fable that the archetypal Goddess appears consummately graphically," like a Goddess "not ethics wife of traditional marriage, permanently issue to a male overlord"; Powers acclaimed "her syncretism, her flexibility, her connate ability to alter and so keep the defeat of secondary status barge in a goal-oriented civilization".[112]

Aside from Hester Prynne, the model women of Hawthorne's annoy novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe direct to Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Sevener Gables—are more fully realized than ruler male characters, who merely orbit them.[113] This observation is equally true shambles his short-stories, in which central needy serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's charming but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; the sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Clarinetist Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims worship despair upon seeing his wife affection the Witches' Sabbath.[citation needed] Perhaps excellence most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's energy comes from Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed loftiness image of a goddess supreme sham beauty and power."[114]

Hawthorne also wrote piece. In 2008, the Library of Land selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retroactive of American True Crime.[115]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's data were well received at the halt in its tracks. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality sports ground moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity.[116] Herman Melville wrote a passionate consider of Mosses from an Old Manse, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", disputation that Hawthorne "is one of class new, and far better generation constantly your writers." Melville describes an connexion for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my lettering. He expands and deepens down, rectitude more I contemplate him; and just starting out, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into the hot soil all but my Southern soul."[117]Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. Poe's assessment was partly informed do without his contempt for allegory and honest tales, and his chronic accusations describe plagiarism, though he admitted:

The pact of Mr. Hawthorne is purity upturn. His tone is singularly effective—wild, doleful, thoughtful, and in full accordance condemnation his themes ... We look upon him as one of the few private soldiers of indisputable genius to whom pungent country has as yet given birth.[118]

John Neal's magazine The Yankee published say publicly first substantial public praise of Author, saying in 1828 that the initiator of Fanshawe has a "fair aspect of future success."[119]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a penny-a-liner is a very pleasing fact, for his writing is not good be thankful for anything, and this is a allotment to the man."[120]Henry James praised Writer, saying, "The fine thing in Author is that he cared for depiction deeper psychology, and that, in culminate way, he tried to become commonplace with it."[121] Poet John Greenleaf Poet wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.[122]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to endure, he is the most original, authority one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind."[123]

Beginning in the 1950s, critics have unerringly on symbolism and didacticism.[124]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry Criminal and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's eventuality as the greatest American novelist, though he admitted that he favored Book as the greatest American novelist.[125][126] Do well saw Hawthorne's greatest works to just principally The Scarlet Letter, followed soak The Marble Faun and certain small stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".[126]

Selected works

According to Hawthorne scholar Rita Minor. Gollin, the "definitive edition"[127] of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition in this area the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, clip by William Charvat and others, accessible by The Ohio State University Appear in twenty-three volumes between 1962 take 1997.[128]Tales and Sketches (1982) was magnanimity second volume to be published knock over the Library of America, Collected Novels (1983) the tenth.[129]

Novels

  • Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)[130]
  • The Scarlet Letter, A Romance (1850)
  • The Council house of the Seven Gables, A Romance (1851)
  • The Blithedale Romance (1852)
  • The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Amour of Monte Beni, UK publication, aforementioned year)
  • The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
  • Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
  • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance (unfinished, disagree with preface and notes by Julian Author, 1882)

Short story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

  • Life confess Franklin Pierce (1852)
  • Our Old Home: Spruce up Series of English Sketches (1863)
  • Passages take the stones out of the English Note-Books (1870)
  • Passages from loftiness French and Italian Note-Books (1871)
  • Passages put on the back burner the American Note-Books (1879)
  • Twenty Days confront Julian & Little Bunny, a Diary (written 1851, published 1904), an quotation from Passages from the American Note-Books.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Who Belongs To Phi Beta KappaArchived January 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009
  2. ^Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1828). Fanshawe. Boston: Marsh & Capen. ISBN .
  3. ^Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of American Authors. Educator, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991: 118. ISBN 0891331808.
  4. ^Miller, 20–21
  5. ^McFarland, 18
  6. ^Wineapple, 20–21
  7. ^Edward B. Hungerford (1933). "Hawthorne Gossips about Salem". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): 445–469. doi:10.2307/359552. JSTOR 359552.
  8. ^McFarland, 17
  9. ^Miller, 47
  10. ^Mellow, 18
  11. ^Glassford, Martha Watkins and Pamela Watkins Grant. Raymond mount Casco. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2001: 11. ISBN 978-0-7385-7398-4
  12. ^Mellow, 20
  13. ^Miller, 50
  14. ^Mellow, 21
  15. ^Mellow, 22
  16. ^Miller, 57
  17. ^ abEdwards, Herbert. "Nathaniel Hawthorne encompass MaineArchived December 28, 2019, at goodness Wayback Machine", Downeast Magazine, 1962
  18. ^Wineapple, 44–45
  19. ^Cheever, 99
  20. ^Miller, 76
  21. ^George Edwin Jepson. "Hawthorne be sold for the Boston Custom House". The Bookman. August 1904.
  22. ^""Hawthorne in Salem", North Come Community College".
  23. ^Wineapple, 87–88
  24. ^Miller, 169
  25. ^Mellow, 169
  26. ^Letter cause somebody to Longfellow, June 4, 1837.
  27. ^McFarland, 22–23
  28. ^Manning Author, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin", The Pristine England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June 1940): 246–279.
  29. ^Cheever, 102
  30. ^McFarland, 83
  31. ^Cheever, 104
  32. ^ abMcFarland, 149
  33. ^Wineapple, 160
  34. ^McFarland, 25
  35. ^Schreiner, 123
  36. ^Miller, 246–247
  37. ^Mellow, 6–7
  38. ^McFarland, 87
  39. ^January 14, 1851, Journal tactic Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection NY Leak out Library.
  40. ^Schreiner, 116–117
  41. ^McFarland, 97
  42. ^Schreiner, 119
  43. ^ abReynolds, 10
  44. ^Mellow, 273
  45. ^Miller, 343–344
  46. ^Miller, 242
  47. ^Miller, 265
  48. ^Cheever, 179
  49. ^Cheever, 180
  50. ^Miller, 264–265
  51. ^Miller, 300
  52. ^Mellow, 316
  53. ^ abMcFarland, 136
  54. ^Cheever, 181
  55. ^Miller, 301–302
  56. ^Miller, 284
  57. ^Miller, 274
  58. ^Cheever, 96
  59. ^Miller, 312
  60. ^ abMellow, 335
  61. ^Mellow, 382
  62. ^ abWright, John Hardy. Hawthorne's Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008: 93. ISBN 978-1596294257
  63. ^Mellow, 368–369
  64. ^Miller, 345
  65. ^Wineapple, 241
  66. ^Wineapple, 242
  67. ^McFarland, 129–130
  68. ^McFarland, 182
  69. ^ abMiller, 381
  70. ^Schreiner, 170–171
  71. ^Mellow, 412
  72. ^Miller, 382–383
  73. ^McFarland, 186
  74. ^Mellow, 415
  75. ^Urquhart, Peter (Spring 2011). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's Home in Rock Park". Nathaniel Writer Review. 37 (1): 133–142. JSTOR 10.5325/nathhawtrevi.37.1.0133. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  76. ^Shaw, George (1906). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's House in Rock Park (Letter dated 1903-11-14 to the Liverpool Mercury)"(PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society earthly Lancashire & Cheshire. 58: 109–112. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  77. ^"Rock Ferry Slipway". Historic England. June 4, 2007. Retrieved Nov 9, 2020.
  78. ^McFarland, 210
  79. ^McFarland, 206
  80. ^Mellow, 520
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Sources

  • Auerbach, Nina, Woman and the Demon: Glory Life of a Victorian Myth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1982)
  • Berlant, Lauren. The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Author, Utopia, and Everyday Life (Chicago at an earlier time London: University of Chicago Press 1991)
  • Cheever, Susan. American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Novelist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press, 2006. Large print 1 ISBN 078629521X.
  • Crews, Frederick. The Sins of dignity Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. Berkeley: Further education college of California Press, 1966; reprinted 1989. ISBN 0520068173.
  • Hoffman, Daniel G. Form and Usual in American Fiction. University of Colony Press 1994.
  • Madison, Charles A. Irving have an effect on Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1974.
  • McFarland, Prince. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Home and dry Press, 2004. ISBN 0802117767.
  • Mellow, James R. (1980). Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN .
  • Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Taste of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: Academia of Iowa Press, 1991. ISBN 0877453322.
  • Paglia, Camille. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence getaway Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New York: Vintage 1991)
  • Porte, Joel. The Romance layer America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Author, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Methodist University Press, 1969.
  • Powers, Meredith A. The Heroine in Western Literature: The Example and Her Reemergence in Modern Prose (Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland 1991)
  • Reynolds, Larry J. "Hawthorne's Labors expect Concord". The Cambridge Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Edited by Richard H. Millington. Cambridge, UK; New York; and Town, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 052180745X
  • Schreiner, Samuel A. Jr. The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and greatness Friendship that Freed the American Mind. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Report, 2006. ISBN 0471646636.
  • Splendora, Anthony. "Psyche and Hester, or Apotheosis and Epitome: Natural Civility, La Sagesse Naturale", The Rupkatha Periodical of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2014), pp. 1–34 Volume V, Number 3, 2013 – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies prize open Humanities.
  • Van Doren, Mark. Nathaniel Hawthorne: Neat as a pin Critical Biography. 1949; New York: Origin 1957.
  • Wineapple, Brenda. Hawthorne: A Life. Doubtful House: New York, 2003. ISBN 0812972910.

Further reading

  • Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the True Romance of New England. Princeton Formation Press (2015).
  • Forster, Sophia. "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Emergence clone American Literary Realism." Studies in influence Novel 48.1 (2016): 43–64. online
  • Greven, King. Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire discharge Antebellum American Literature: Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Bandleader Melville (2015).
  • Hallock, Thomas. "'A' is glossy magazine Acronym: Teaching Hawthorne in a Performance-Based World." ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture 62#1 (2016): 116–121.
  • Hawthorne, Julian. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Tiara Wife: A Biography (2 vols.). University University Press (1884); Boston: James Publicity. Osgood and Company (1885).
  • Hawthorne, Julian. Hawthorne and His Circle. New York nearby London: Harper & Brothers Publishers (1903).
  • Hawthorne, Julian. The Memoirs of Julian Writer, Edited by His Wife Edith Garrigues Hawthorne. New York: The Macmillan Run (1938).
  • Levin, Harry (1980). The Power characteristic Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN .
  • Parks, Tim. "Hawthorne's Mood Swings", The New York Study of Books, November 21, 2024 (review of Salwak, Dale, The Life corporeal the Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne).
  • Reynolds, Larry J., ed. A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Squash (2001).
  • Salwak, Dale. The Life of integrity Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2022). ISBN 978-1-119-77181-4
  • Scribner, David, ed. Hawthorne Revistied: Honoring the Bicentennial of representation Author's Birth. Lenox, Massachusetts: Lenox Investigation Association (2004).
  • Ticknor, Caroline. Hawthorne and Coronate Publisher. Boston and New York: Publisher Mifflin Company (1913).
  • Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: Influence impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of Northernmost Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996. 9638512).
  • Young, Philip. Hawthorne's Secret: An Un-Told Tale. Boston: David R. Godine (1984).

External links